Characterization and Anti-Cancerous Effect of Putranjiva roxburghii Seed Extract Mediated Silver Nanoparticles on Human Colon (HCT-116), Pancreatic (PANC-1) and Breast (MDA-MB 231) Cancer Cell Lines: A Comparative Study

Acharya Balkrishna, ^{1, 2} Vinay Kumar Sharma, ^{1, 2} Subrata K Das, ¹ Nayan Mishra, ¹ Laxmi Bisht, ¹ Alpana Joshi, ¹ Niti Sharma <sup>1

1</sup>Drug Discovery and Development Division, Patanjali Research Foundation Trust, Haridwar, Uttarakhand 249405, India; ²University of Patanjali, Haridwar, Uttarakhand 249405, India

Correspondence: Niti Sharma Tel +91-1334-242418
Email nitivinay@yahoo.co.in
Vinay Kumar Sharma Email vinay_sharma_2000@yahoo.com

Introduction: A comparative study of Putranjiva roxburghii Wall. seed extract and developed silver nanoparticles (PJSNPs) for improving bioavailability that enhance their anti-cancer activity against HCT-116 (colon carcinoma), PANC-1 (pancreatic carcinoma), MDA-MB 231 (breast carcinoma) cell lines was performed.
Materials and Methods: The green synthesis of PJSNPs (Putranjiva silver nanoparticles) was performed using PJ (Putranjiva) extract, and characterization of synthesized nanoparticles was accomplished through UV-Vis spectrum, X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (TEM-EDAX), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and Raman spectroscopy.
Results: The results revealed that PJSNPs are homogeneous, spherical in shape, ∼ 8± 2 nm in size, and negatively charged with a zeta potential of about − 26.71 mV. The cytotoxicity pattern observed was AgNO ₃ > PJSNPs > PJ extract. The morphological changes of the cells were observed by flow cytometry and also by the DNA ladder pattern on gel electrophoresis, which indicated that the process of cell death occurred via the apoptosis mechanism and PJSNPs were exerting late-stage apoptosis in all the tested cell lines. The small size and negative value of zeta potential could be the factors responsible for greater bioavailability and thus increased uptake by the tumor cells.
Conclusion: The MTT assay and morphological changes observed by various methods indicate that the novel PJSNPs are a better anticancer agent than PJ extract. All the above properties make biologically synthesized PJSNPs an important target in the field of anti-cancer drug discovery.

Keywords: green synthesis, Putranjiva, silver nanoparticles, anti-cancer, apoptosis