MicroRNA-623 Inhibits Epithelial–Mesenchymal Transition to Attenuate Glioma Proliferation by Targeting TRIM44

Introduction

Glioma has been reported as the most prevalent primary craniocerebral tumor and originates from glial cells within the brain and spinal cord. At present, standard clinical treatment approaches for glioma are mainly based on surgical resection combined with chemotherapy and radiotherapy.^1–3 New treatments have also appeared for gliomas: immunotherapy is mainly based on dendritic cells. The latest treatments include targeted therapy, the commonly used drugs are bevacizumab, gefitinib; CAR T cell therapy.^4,5 Malignant glioma, with glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) being the most aggressive form, has high metastasis risk, which are the main reasons for the poor prognosis.⁶ Neovascularization in brain tumors correlates directly with their biological aggressiveness, degree of malignancy and clinical recurrence and inversely with the post-operative survival of patients.^7,8 GBM has been reported to be the most angiogenic by displaying the highest degree of vascular proliferation and endothelial cell hyperplasia. Despite continuous advances in treatment methods and significant improvements in patient prognosis, breakthroughs in overall treatment strategies are still lacking.^9–11 Therefore, finding a new treatment approach for glioma is a focus point of research.

Epithelial-mesenchymal transformation (EMT) refers to the transformation process of epithelial-derived tumor cells which were deprived of their polarity and acquire a mesenchymal phenotype6.^12–14 EMT is an effective way for epithelial cells to acquire migration ability and plays an important role in invasion and metastasis in malignant tumors Studying EMT in glioblastomas has only started in recent years, and miRNAs have attracted much attention for regulating the invasion and progress of EMT. MiRNA is single-stranded non-coding RNA which has 21 to 23 bases in length and may participate in the cell proliferation, apoptosis invasion, migration, and cycle.^14,15

Physiological processes, including plasma metabolism, cell differentiation, tumorigenesis and development, are closely related. Recently, miR-623 was identified as a tumor suppressor,^16,17 whose expression was downregulated in some cancers such as lung gastric cells.¹⁸ However, the expression and regulatory role of miR-623 in GBM are yet to be clarified.

Tripartite pattern containing 44 (TRIM44) belongs to the protein family of TRIM which regulates a variety of pathological processes, such as neurodegenerative disorders, developmental abnormalities, or viral infections.^19–21 Most E3 in them have ubiquitin ligase activity and can be post-translationally modified. Previous studies have found that the overexpression of TRIM44 in a variety of tumors could result in promoting cell proliferation, cell cycle progression and tumorigenesis. In addition, TRIM44 overexpression was also associated with the enhanced migratory and invasive capacities of tumor cells, thus facilitating tumor metastasis.^22–24 Therefore, methods to inhibit TRIM44 expression is of great importance for controlling tumor development and metastasis.

Materials and Methods

Antibodies and Reagents

MiR-623 mimic and the respective controls were from GenePharma (Shanghai, China). The plasmid GV252-miR-623 expressing miR-623, lentiviral vector GV320-Ku80 and control vector were provided by GenePharma (Shanghai, China). The following siRNA target sequences were used to silence human siTRIM44 Sense: 5′-GAAUCAGUCGGAUACUCAUAG3′ and Antisense, 5′AUGAGUAUCCGACUGAUUCUG-3′. The oligonucleotides were chemically synthesized by GenePharma (Shanghai, China). Empty plasmid vector pENTER plasmid and TRIM44 overexpression plasmid pENTER-TRIM44 were purchased from Vigenebio Biosciences (Shandong, China). The oligonucleotides were chemically synthesized by GenePharma (Shanghai, China). Anti-TRIM44, anti-Vimentin, anti-MMP-2, anti-MMP-9, anti-β-actin, anti-E-cadherin and anti-N-cadherin were provided by Proteintech (Wuhan, China). Anti-Rabbit and anti-Mouse IgG were provided by Sigma (Shanghai, China).

Cell Culture

The human GBM cell line U87MG, LN229 and U251MG were purchased from the Cell Bank of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. Human normal brain glial cells (HEB) were acquired from the Cell Culture Center (Dongge Biotech, Beijing, China). The research ethics committee of Tangshan Gongren Hospital affiliated to Hebei Medical University approved the use of this cell. Cell line HEK 293T cells were obtained from ATCC (Manassas, VA). The medium used for cell culture was DMEM (GIBCO, USA) containing 10% fetal bovine serum (GIBCO, USA), and the incubation conditions included saturated humidity at 37°C and 5% CO2. When the cell coverage reached 80% to 90%, the culture passed and entered the logarithmic growth phase for subsequent experiments.

miRNA Transfection

Cells were transfected with miR-623 mimic and miRNA NC using Lipofectamine 3000 (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, USA). The procedures were followed according to the standard protocol set up by the manufacturer. After 48 h, the transfected cell samples were eligible for subsequent experiments.

Cell Proliferation Assays

The density of cell samples were approximately 3 x 10³ cells/well. MST analysis was conducted at 0, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h after transfection. After 10 μL MST reagent was added to each well, the samples were incubated for 1 h at 37°C. For each sample, the optical density was read at 490 nm with a microplate reader (BioRad, USA).

Transwell Assay

Cell suspensions (8 × 10⁴ cells/mL) of fetal bovine serum-free DMEM cultures with various transfection groups were harvested and inserted into the upper chamber of the Transwell chamber (BD Science, USA). 700 μL DMEM medium containing 20% fetal bovine serum was filled into the lower chamber. To assess cell invasion, the upper chamber was coated with Matrigel (BD Science) for 12 h. After normal incubation for 24 h, cells in the upper chambers were wiped and stained using crystal violet. Cells were counted in nine random fields.

Colony Formation Assay

At 1 × 10³ cells per well, GBM samples in 6-well plates were transfected with miR-623 mimic, NC mimic. After 2 weeks, cells were processed with methanol fixation and Giemsa stain. The colony numbers were detected with a light microscope.

Quantitative RT PCR

Total RNA was acquired with miRNA extraction kit GenePharma (Shanghai, China). The purity and the amount of isolated RNA were determined with NanoDrop Spectrophotometer (Thermo Scientific, USA). Two μg total RNA was reversely transcribed into cDNA using BcaBest RNA PCR Kit (TaKaRa, Japan). Quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) was performed to determine gene expression using SYBR Green dye (Kangwei, China) on a BIO-RAD T100 real-time PCR system (BIO-RAD, USA). U6 miRNA and ACTIN were included as internal controls of miR-623 mRNA. The results were interpreted using the 2^-DDCt method.

Western Blotting Analysis

Whole-cell lysate was obtained after applying NP-40 containing a protease inhibitor cocktail and phosphatase inhibitor (Roche). An equal amount of lysate was separated by SDS-PAGE and then transferred to a PVDF membrane (Millipore, USA). Subsequent to blocking with 2% bovine serum albumin, the membrane was probed with anti-TRIM44 and anti-Actin (Proteintech, China), and then incubated with a second-generation culture medium combined with horseradish peroxidase. Goat anti-mouse IgG (1:2000) and goat anti-rabbit IgG (1:3000) were applied as secondary antibodies. The blots were visualized by an enhanced chemiluminescence solution (ECL; Pierce; Thermo Fisher Scientific).

Luciferase Reporter Assays

To verify the precise target of miRNAs, wildtype and mutant TRIM44 3ʹ-UTR were cloned into the pLUC vector, and then transfected into HEK293T cells together with miR-623 or NC mimic. Cell lysates were obtained at 48 h after transfection. Luciferase activity was measured using a dual-luciferase assay system (Promega, Madison, USA) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Renilla-luciferase activity was assayed for normalization.

Acquire Stable-Transfected GBM Cell Lines

Lentiviral vector with luciferase and puromycin reporter containing overexpressed miR-623 and unrelated sequences were provided by GenePharma (Shanghai, China). HEK-293T cells were co-transfected with lentiviral plasmid and LipoFiter reagents to package recombinant lentivirus. At 72 h after transfection, lentiviral particles in cell culture supernatants were collected and filtered through a 0.45-μm filter (Millipore, USA). Recombinant lentivirus was processed with ultracentrifugation to concentrate it. To stabilize the transfected cell line, GBM cells were transduced with lentivirus (MOI=50) in the presence of 5 μg/mL polypropylene. After 24 h, the supernatant was discarded, and fresh DMEM medium was refilled into the sample. The infection efficiency was verified by RT-PCR at 96 h after transduction. A treatment of 2 μg/mL puromycin was applied for 2 weeks onto the cell samples for selection.

Tumorigenicity Assay in vivo

Male BALB/c athymic nude mice (6–7 weeks old) were offered by Beijing Huafukang Biotechnology (Beijing, China). All animal experiments and humane care were designed and supervised according to the Animal Experimentation Guidelines released by the Institute of Biomedicine. Nude mice received subcutaneous injection containing 5 × 10⁶ transfected cells into the right hip. Tumor sizes were monitored every 4 days using calipers. Tumor volume was calculated as: V (cm³) = L (longest size) × W (shortest size)2/2. After 25 days, the mice were euthanized and tumor tissues were removed and weighed. A part of the tumor tissue was quick-frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at −80°C for analysis of miR-623 and TRIM44 expression.

Statistical Analysis

Statistical analysis was performed with GraphPad Prism 7.0 (GraphPad Software, San Diego, CA, USA) software. Methods of statistical calculations included Student’s t-test, χ2 test, and analysis of variance (ANOVA). Data of all triplicate experiments are represented as mean ± SD. P <0.05 was considered as statistically significant.

Results

The Characteristics of miR-623 in GBM

We first obtained 123 differentially expressed genes from CGGA database (grade IV, grade III compared with grade II, P < 0.05, and fold change >2 or <0.5) (Figure 1A). As shown in Figure 1C, compared with grade II patients, the expression of miR-623 was lower in grade III and grade IV patients. In addition, the expression of miR-623 in grade IV patients was lower than that in grade III patients. These revealed to us that miR-623 may be related to the grade of glioma and could also be used as a grade-related gene. And we downloaded the GEO dataset-GSE90603 and found that miR-623 was down-regulated in glioma tissues compared to normal tissues (Figure 1B). We got similar results in glioma cell lines. RT-RCR proved that the miR-623 levels in all three glioma cell lines (U87MG, LN229, U251MG) were lower compared to the normal glial cell line HEB (Figure 1E). We selected LN229 and U251MG cell lines for subsequent experiments. In view of the importance of IDH in gliomas, we also analyzed the relationship between miR-623 and IDH and found that the expression of miR-623 was higher in patients with IDH mutation (P = 0.0799). Followed, survival analysis showed that the expression of miR-623 was positively correlated to the survival of glioma patients. A higher expression of miR-623 was equal to a longer survival time (Figure 1F-H). Finally, we conducted a multifactor Cox survival analysis of miR-623, sex, age and other factors. The result is visualized in Figure 1I.

Figure 1 The characteristics of miR-623 in GBM. (A) Heatmap of differentially expressed genes in WHO II and III, IV patients in CCGA database. (B) The expression of miR-623 in glioma tissues and normal tissues from the GEO dataset—GSE90603. (C) The expression of miR-623 in WHO II, III, IV . (D) The relationship between miR-623 and IDH in GBM patients from CGGA database. (E) The expression of miR-623 in glioma cell lines. (F) The relationship between the survival and the expression of miR-623 in patients from CCGA database. (G) The relationship between the survival and the expression of miR-623 gene in primary patients from CCGA database. (H) The relationship between the survival and the expression of miR-623 gene in recurrent patients from CCGA database. (I) multi-factor Cox survival analysis. * P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001.

MiR-623 Inhibits GBM Cell Proliferation and Colony Formation

To study how miR-623 could interfere with the growth of GBM cells, we transfected miR-623 mimic into LN229 and U251 cells (Figure 2A). RT-PCR was conducted to verify successful miR-623 overexpression in GBM cells. We analyzed the proliferation of LN229 and U251MG cell lines with the transfection of miR-623 mimic and miR-NC by MTS assay. Validated by the inclusion of negative control, the cell proliferation was significantly inhibited by overexpressed miR-623 at 48 h,72 h and 96 h (Figure 2B). We followed-up with clone formation experiments with transfected glioma cell lines. Giemsa staining results showed that compared with the miR-NC group, overexpressed miR-623 significantly suppressed the colony formation in GBM cell lines (Figure 2C).

Figure 2 Effect of MiR-623 on GBM cell proliferation and colony formation. (A) The transfection efficiency of LN229 and U251MG GBM cell lines was detected by qRT-PCR analysis. (B) miR-NC-LN229 and miR-623 mimic-LN229, miR-NC-U251MG and miR-623 mimic-U251MG cell lines for cell viability. (C) The colony formation assay shows the number of colonies in LN229 or U251MG GBM cell lines transduced with miR-NC or miR-623 mimic. * P < 0.05, **P < 0.01.

MiR-623 Inhibits GBM Cell Migration, Invasion and Affects the EMT Pathway

To investigate the regulatory function of miR-623 on the invasion and migration of GBM cells, we transfected miR-623 mimic into LN229 and U251 cells. Compared with the miR-NC control group, the number of migrated GBM cells was significantly reduced as evidenced by the Transwell experiment (Figure 3A). By performing Western blotting, we found that the expression of EMT-related markers, including MMP-2, MMP-9, N-cadherin and Vimentin, was significantly decreased in LN229 and U251 cells after the transfection of miR-623 mimic, while the expression of E-cadherin, which was an epithelial marker, was upregulated in the presence of overexpressed miR-623 (Figure 3B).

Figure 3 Effect of MiR-623 on GBM cell migration, invasion and the EMT pathway. (A) Cell migration and invasion of miR-NC-LN229, miR-623-mimic-LN229, miR-NC-U251MG and miR-623-mimic-U251MG cells were detected by Transwell assay and the quantitative cell numbers LN229 and U251MG cells were analyzed respectively. (B) Western blotting analysis for detecting protein levels of EMT-associated markers MMP-2, MMP-9, E-cadherin, Vimentin and N-cadherin in miR-NC-LN229, miR-623-mimic-LN229, miR-NC-U251MG and miR-623-mimic-U251MG cells. β-actin was used as the loading control.

TRIM44 is ais a Direct Target of miR-623 in GBM

To probe into the mechanisms by which miR-623 modulates GBM cell functions, we selected potential downstream targets for miR-623 by various bioinformatics approaches, namely mirDIP, miRDB, and Targetscan, and found that TRIM44 could be targeted by miR-623 (Figure 4A and B). The bioinformatic results suggested that there was a putative miR-623 binding site located within the 3ʹ-UTR region of the TRIM44 transcript. Moreover, there was negative correlation between mir-623 and TRIM44(Supplementary Figure 1) To determine whether TRIM44 could interact with miR-623 via direct binding in human GBM cells, wildtype or mutant TRIM44 3ʹ-UTR plasmid was co-transfected with miR-623 mimic into 293T cells. At 48 h after the co-transfection, the luciferase activity was read. Overexpressed miR-623 resulted in a significant reduction of luciferase activity in the cells transfected with wildtype TRIM44-3ʹUTR. In contrast, the luciferase activity was not changed in the mutant TRIM44-3ʹUTR-transfected cells. In addition, qRT-PCR and Western blotting analysis further showed that miR-623 significantly reduced TRIM44 expression in terms of both mRNA and protein levels for 293T cells (Figure 4C).

Figure 4 TRIM44 is a direct target of miR-623 in GBM. (A) Venn diagrams show overlapping relationships and identify 10 differentially expressed target genes. (B) Overexpression of miR-623 decreased TRIM44 protein levels in LN229 and U251MG cells. (C) The wild-type and mutant-type complementary sequences of the TRIM44 mRNA 3ʹ-UTR are shown with the miR-623 binding sequence. Luciferase assays were performed on 293T cells co-transfected with the miR-623 mimic or miR-NC and Wt-TRIM44 3ʹUTR or Mut-TRIM44-3ʹUTR reporter plasmids. β-actin was used as an internal control. *P < 0.05.

Knockdown of TRIM44 Can Inhibit Cell Proliferation and Colony Formation in GBM

To evaluate the function of TRIM44 on glioma cells, LN229 and U251MG cells were transfected with NC and si TRIM44, respectively. Western blot analysis confirmed that the protein level of TRIM44 was significantly reduced in the cell line transfected with si TRIM44 compared to cells transfected with NC (Figure 5A). MTS-way was used to detect the proliferation of glioma cells after knocking down TRIM44. It was demonstrated that cells transfected with si TRIM44 had a slower growth rate than NC transfected cells (Figure 5B). Moreover, clone formation experiments showed that TRIM44 knockdown can reduce the formation of glioma cell clones (Figure 5C).

Figure 5 Effect of the knock down of TRIM44 on GBM cell lines. (A) Efficiency of knocking down TRIM44 using siRNA was determined by detecting protein levels of TRIM44 in LN229/U251MG GBM cells transduced with siTRIM44 or NC through Western blotting analysis. β-actin was loaded as a control. (B) Cell viability of siTRIM44-LN229 and siNC-LN229, siTRIM44-U251MG and siNC-U251MG cell lines. (C) The number of colonies of LN229 or U251MG GBM cell lines transduced with siTRIM44 or siNC. * P < 0.05 Data was expressed as the mean ± SD.

Overexpression of TRIM44 Restores miR-623 Inhibited Cell Proliferation, Migration and EMT in GBM

To prove the functional relationship between TRIM44 and miR-623 in GBM cells, a rescue experiment was performed. First, the samples were randomly sorted into a miR-NC group, miR-623 overexpression plus empty plasmid vector group and miR-623 overexpression plus TRIM44 overexpression group, respectively. RT-RCR and Western blotting assay were conducted to evaluate the transfection efficiency. Subsequently, MTS and Transwell migration assays were performed (Figure 6A and B). The findings showed that overexpression of TRIM44 reversed the miR-623-mediated inhibition of proliferation and migration of LN229 and U251 cells. However, the protein level of E-cadherin was markedly down-regulated in miR-623 and TRIM44 co-overexpression GBM cell lines. Conversely, inhibited protein levels of N-cadherin and Vimentin were restored in TRIM44 overexpression GBM cell lines (Figure 6C).

Figure 6 Overexpression of TRIM44 restores miR-623 inhibited cell proliferation, migration and EMT in GBM. (A) The Cell viability of mimic NC-LN229, miR-623 mimic-vector-LN229 and miR-623 mimic-TRIM44-LN229 cells. # P < 0.05, * P < 0.05, **P<0.01. The Cell viability of mimic NC-U251MG, miR-623 mimic-vector-U251MG and miR-623 mimic-TRIM44-U251MG cells. #P < 0.05, * P < 0.05, **P <0.01. (B) Cell migrations of mimic NC-LN229/U251MG, miR-623 mimic-vector-LN229/U251MG and miR-623 mimic-TRIM44-LN229/U251MG cell lines were detected by Transwell assay. Quantitative migrated cell numbers of LN229 and U251MG cells were analyzed respectively in mimic NC, miR-623 mimic-vector and miR-623 mimic-TRIM44 groups. (C) Western blotting analysis for detecting protein levels of EMT-associated markers E-cadherin, Vimentin and N-cadherin in mimic NC-LN229, miR-623 mimic-vector-LN229 and miR-623 mimic-TRIM44-LN229 cell lines. β-actin was loaded as an internal reference. Western blotting analysis for detecting protein levels of EMT-associated markers E-cadherin, Vimentin and N-cadherin in mimic NC-U251MG, miR-623 mimic-vector-U251MGand miR-623 mimic-TRIM44-U251MG cell lines. β-actin was loaded as an internal reference. Data was expressed as the mean ± SD.

TRIM44

Finally, we investigated whether miR-623 could affect GBM growth in nude mice. U251MG cells were transduced with a lentiviral vector which stably miR-623 or a control lentiviral vector. After lentivirus infection, the down-regulation of miR-623 was examined with qRT-PCR. Then, we subcutaneously injected miR-623-silenced or control U251MG cells into BALB/c nude mice. From the 7th day after the injection onwards, the length and width of the tumors were measured every 4 days for up to 30 days. Overexpression of miR-623 significantly inhibited tumor growth in vivo (Figure 7A-C). Subsequently, we also measured the expression patterns for miR-623 and TRIM44 in tumor tissues. It was detected that miR-623 expression was up-regulated, and compared to the miR-NC group, TRIM44 expression in the miR-623 over-expression group was down-regulated at both mRNA and protein levels (Figure 7D-F).

Figure 7 MiR-623 suppresses xenograft tumor growth in vivo by targeting TRIM44. (A) Tumor growth curve for each group. (B) The mice were killed at 30 days after inoculation, and tumor tissues were excised and imaged. (C) Mean tumor weight for each group. (D) MiR-623 expression was measured in tumor tissues by qRT-PCR. (E, F) TRIM44 expression on mRNA and protein level was detected in tumor tissues. β-actin was used as an internal control. * P < 0.05, **P < 0.01.

Discussion

Accumulating evidence suggests that miRNAs exert key regulatory roles in the pathologic processes of many kinds of human tumors. By regulating the expression of their target genes, miRNAs can modulate various cellular biological behaviors such as cell growth, development, and proliferation. At the same time, miRNAs participate in tumor cell proliferation, invasion, migration, chemotherapy resistance, and immune escape by regulating gene transcription.²⁵ In our study, we searched for differentially expressed genes in grade II, III, IV patients from CGGA. After that, we confirmed that miR-623 was lower expressed in glioma tissues compared to normal tissues. Moreover, the down-regulation of miR-623 was also related to tumor progression in GBM. These indicated that miR-623 may not only be used as a tumor biomarker, but a grade-related marker. The next study on the relationship between miR-623 and IDH also showed that there may be some connections between them, which needed to be explored in future. We also found that miR-623 was associated with survival time of GBM patients, whether overall survival, primary glioma survival or recurrent glioma survival. Our study showed the importance of miR-623 in GBM. Our current finding was consistent with the results in recent publications, which proved that the expression patterns of tumor-suppressive miRNAs were commonly decreased in GBM.

Epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) is an effective way for epithelial cells to acquire migration ability, and it is an important process for more than 90% of epithelial cancer invasion and metastasis in malignant tumors.^26,27 The fast-grow nature of tumor cells has become one of the typical characteristics of GBM, which may lead to the difficulties in cancer treatment and thus results in a poor prognosis. The molecular mechanisms regulating GBM cell growth and metastasis are still being explored. Therefore, finding key targets and understanding their functional roles in the development of GBM is the most important step for GBM treatment.^28–30 Although many advances have been made to treat gliomas more effectively, the poor prognosis of the tumor has not yet been improved. The amount of research trying to find new therapeutic targets by uncovering the pathogenesis of glioblastoma so it can be treated more effectively is increasing.

Previous publications have shown that miR-623 could affect migration and invasion in different cancers. In our study, we analyzed the Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas (CGGA) database and found that miR-623 was associated with glioma survival. In general, the miR-623 expression was suppressed in glioma cell lines. After treating LN229 and U251MG glioma cells with miR-623 mimics, we performed MTS-way, invasion, migration, and clone formation tests. Previous studies have found that miR-623 mimics can attenuate the ability of gliomas to proliferate, invade, migrate, and form clones. It is worth noting that animal studies also have shown that tumor volume in the intracranial xenograft model is significantly reduced after miR-940 overexpression treatment, indicating its potential therapeutic value in glioma patients.^31,32 Furthermore, there is accumulating evidence identifying a growing number of miRNAs that are involved in GBM metastasis. MiR-382 functions as a tumor suppressor against GBM development and metastasis and could be considered a potential drug source to improve the conventional GBM treatment strategies.³³ These findings are in line with our results, which indicate that miR-623 functions as a tumor suppressor and could be a potential new target for GBM therapy.

Collectively, miRNAs are non-coding RNAs that play biological functions by binding to the 3ʹ-UTR of specific target genes. Through bioinformatic prediction, TRIM44 was pointed out as the downstream target gene for miR-623. Detection of the luciferase reporter gene showed that miR-623 inhibited wt TRIM44 3ʹ-UTR luciferase activity, but did not inhibit mt TRIM44 3ʹ-UTR. Previous studies have shown that abnormal expression of TRIM44 is also found in various human cancer types including lung cancer,³⁴ melanoma,³⁵ osteosarcoma,³⁶ intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma³⁷ and renal cell carcinoma.³⁸ Other studies also have found that TRIM44 is highly expressed in glioma cells and can be directly targeted by miR-101-3p and related to the EMT pathway of tumors.³⁹ Our findings show that miR-623 mimics transfected glioma cells, and Western bolt showed that the levels of EMT-related markers, such as Vimentin, N-cadherin, MMP-2, MMP-9, were downregulated and E-cad expression increased. We suspect that the protective effect of miR-623 is based on the reduced EMT and enhanced E-cadherin level.

These results suggested that miR-623 might inhibit GBM growth in part by targeting TRIM44. However, this study also has limitations. Additional research is needed to further elucidate whether other factors also participate in the miR-623 signal axis and influence cancer progression.

Conclusions

We found that miR-623 inhibited the proliferation, migration, and invasion of GBM cells by activating TRIM44, as well as inhibiting tumor development in vivo. Our findings demonstrate that miR-623 has the potential to become a promising target for GBM treatment in the future and we are encouraging follow-up research.