Discovery of Biomarkers and Potential Mechanisms of Agarwood Incense Smoke Intervention by Untargeted Metabolomics and Network Pharmacology

Introduction

Agarwood is a resinous material mainly produced from heartwood of various Aquilaria and Gyrinops species of the family Thymelaeaceae.^1,2 It is distributed in the areas ranging from India eastwards throughout Southeast Asia, as well as in southern China including Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan and Fujian.³ Interestingly, agarwood is hardly formed in the normal tree, while infected by fungi or naturally wounded such as wind, lightning strikes and the gnawing of ants to the tree may stimulate the accumulation of resin.⁴ As the most highly valuable resinous wood, agarwood can be used in fragrances, incense, medicines and aromatherapy.⁵ It also plays an important role in religious ceremonies as well as in Chinese Traditional Medicine for obvious medicinal effects as a sedative, anti-anxious, anti-restless, and anti-inflammation drug, and is popular as incense and perfume in the world market.^6–9

Focusing on the alteration of endogenous metabolites in biosamples, metabonomics is commonly applied to discover the underlying mechanism of human diseases.¹⁰ Metabolomics-based biomarkers could indicate a variety of health or the occurrence of the disease, and capable of assessing the risks of developing the disease and detecting the disease prior to the appearance of overt clinical.¹¹ In any case, validated biomarkers would provide a much needed deeper understanding on the onset of the disorder and healthy status to facilitate the development of more valid animal models that we can use to identify novel drug targets.

Phytochemical research has indicated that the 2-(2-Phenylethyl) chromone derivatives and sesquiterpenes as two predominant constituents of agarwood, are widely distributed in different varieties of agarwood.^12,13 Some compounds showed pharmacological effects, could be candidates for future drug discovery and served as the material basis for agarwood.^14,15 Because most metabolites and drugs interact with multiple target proteins, the methods to predict new targets with existing endogenous metabolites and small molecule compounds have high biological and pharmacological value. Network pharmacology is a new discipline that could elucidate the action of TCM through constructing the “components-targets-biomarkers” (C-T-B) network and screening out the targets of particular interest.¹⁶ The integration of metabolomics and network pharmacology provide great inspiration to explore potential pharmacological activity and elucidate the possible mechanism of agarwood incense smoke (AIS) intervention by connecting active compounds, molecular targets, metabolites and potential pathways.

In this paper, we aim to illustrate the differential biomarkers and possible mechanism after AIS intervening in mice using metabolomics and network pharmacology analysis. Firstly, the differential metabolites characterized as AIS intervention were analyzed by serum metabolomics and multivariate analysis. Moreover, the targets for upstream regulation of differential metabolites were excavated. Secondly, the chemical constituents of agarwood were characterized and the potential targets were predicted. Thirdly, the intersection of potential compounds targets and metabolite targets were screened and merged into a C-T-B based on the metabolomics and network pharmacology. Finally, these chemical constituents from agarwood were docked with pivotal targets through molecular docking study to further interpret the effects of AIS (Figure 1).

Figure 1 The overall scheme of the research processes.

Materials and Methods

Samples and Reagents

Agarwood chips (0.4±0.05 g/tablet) were purchased from Shandong Taiyue Biotechnology Co. Ltd (Lot number: H20190317). Acetonitrile and methanol (HPLC-grade) were purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Formic acid (HPLC-grade) was obtained from Fisher Scientific (Thermo Fisher, CA, USA). Water was prepared from WAISon’s (WAISons Food and Beverage Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, China).

Animal Grouping and Agarwood Administration

Eight weeks SPF C57BL/6J male mice (18–22 g) were purchased from Beijing Weitong Lihua Laboratory Animal Technology Co., Ltd. (Beijing, China). Laboratory animal production license number: SCXK 2016-0006. All experimental procedures were performed in accordance with Guide for The Care and Use of Laboratory Animals approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council and were approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (SDUTCM20191211045). Before the experiment, all the mice were adaptively fed for a week. Mice were randomly assigned (n=12/group) to a control group and AIS group. The AIS group was administered nasal inhalation of agarwood smoke to mice for 20 min at a fixed time (9:00) every morning for 7 days, while the mice in control group were exposed to room air only. The dosage of agarwood was 3 tablets/ mouse. After one week, all the mice were anesthetized with 1.5% sodium pentobarbital, and the blood samples were collected from the inferior vena cava.

Samples Preparation

The blood samples were drawn into an Eppendorf tube and coagulated for 30 min before centrifugation. Then, the serum samples were obtained by centrifuging (1811×g, 15 min, 4 °C) and stored at −80 °C until the metabolomics assay. For serum metabolite analysis, all samples were thawed at 4 °C. Then the 100 μL of thawed serum samples were deproteinized with 400 μL acetonitrile. After centrifugation (15294×g, 20 min, 4 °C), the supernatant was transferred into 2 mL tube, dried by nitrogen and stored at −20 °C. The serum samples were resolved with the initial mobile phase prior to LC-MS analysis. For the validation the instrument stability, a pooled Quality Control (QC) sample was prepared by mixing equal volume (10 μL) of each serum sample.

After grinding into fine powders, 1 g of agarwood sample was extracted in 100 mL of methanol for 30 min in an ultrasonic-assisted manner. Then the sample was maintained at room temperature for 5 min, and the supernatant was filtered through a 0.22 μm membrane for LC-MS analysis. The incense smoke of agarwood was prepared by lighting the agarwood and collecting in glass vial. The brownish yellow oil was obtained and was dissolved in 0.5 mL MeOH, and then applied to GC/MS and LC/MS analysis, respectively. The chromatographic conditions and mass spectrometry conditions are provided in the Supplementary Materials.

UPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap-MS Analysis

Serum samples and agarwood sample were analyzed by a UHPLC Ultimate 3000 system equipped with a Q-Exactive Orbitrap-MS spectrometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific, CA, USA). Chromatography was performed in a Halo-C₁₈ column (2.1 × 100 mm, 2.7 μm; AMT, USA) the mobile phases consisted of A (water containing 0.05% formic acid) and B (acetonitrile containing 0.05% formic acid). The linear gradient program of serum samples was as follows: 0–1 min, 2% B; 1–4 min, 2–20% B; 4–7 min, 20–40% B; 7–9 min, 40–70% B; 9–17 min, 70–98% B. The gradient of agarwood sample and agarwood smoke sample were as follows: 0–1 min, 5–15% B; 1–35 min, 15–55% B; 35–38 min, 55–95% B. The flow rate was 0.3 mL/min, and the injection volume was 3 µL. The column temperature was maintained at 31 °C. The mass spectrometry detections were performed as follows: capillary temperature 350 °C and spray voltage 3.5 kV for positive ion mode and negative ion mode, respectively. The mass scan range was from 80 to 1200 Da. The mass resolution was set to 70,000.

Multivariate Statistical Analyses

The acquired mass spectrometry data (.raw) were first analyzed using Compound Discoverer 2.0 (CD, Thermo Fisher, CA, USA) software, which converted mass spectrometry data into metabolite information. Based on the combination of open online databases, local databases, and MS/MS metabolites data, the potential metabolites were discovered. To visualize the metabolic differences between control and AIS group, the subsequent supervised partial least-square analysis (PLS-DA) was applied using SIMCA-P version 14.0 (Umetrics AB, Umea, Sweden). Heatmap and metabolic pathway analysis were performed with MetaboAnalyst 3.0 (http://www.metaboanalyst.ca).

Network Pharmacology Study

The differential metabolites after agarwood administration were selected as the potential biomarkers. Those biomarkers and potential targets of compounds were introduced into Metscape 3.1.3 to obtain their linked proteins.¹⁷ Then, the related target proteins of potential biomarkers were imported into Metascape (http://metascape.org/) to extract rich annotations, identify statistically enriched pathways and construct protein-protein interaction networks (PPI).¹⁸

Compounds identified by the LC-MS were used to predict the targets. Firstly, imported the SMILES of compounds into Swiss Target Prediction (http://www.swisstargetprediction.ch/) to identify the potential target proteins. The metabolomics and network pharmacology data were combined to obtain a system wide view. At last, compounds in agarwood, potential biomarkers directly connected to targets were merged into a C-T-B network.

Molecular Docking

The crystal structures were collected from the RCSB PDB (https://www.rcsb.org/).^19,20 The pre-processed target receptors and ligands were processed in the way of ultra-precise molecular docking based on the grid algorithm with all functional residues retained in the grid. The structure of the ligands remained flexible to produce different conformations and the calculations were performed in OPLS force fields. Schrodinger Maestro 11.9 (https://www.schrodinger.com/) was used for all computational calculations.

Results

Metabolic Profiling Analysis and Potential Biomarkers Identification

To obtain more detailed metabolic difference between the control and AIS groups, the LC-MS data of the serum were applied to multivariate data analysis. PLS-DA pattern was built to observe general clustering and trend between the two groups. It showed that the control and AIS group were effectively separated and cohesion in the same group was fine [R2Y (cumulative), 0.995; Q2 (cumulative), 0.967] (Figure 2A). In order to prevent model from overfitting, 100 permutation test was used to verify the stable of the model (Figure 2B). The metabolites with significant difference between the control and AIS groups were determined from the Volcano plot (Figure 2C) and S-plot (Figure 2D) as potential biomarkers.

Figure 2 (A) Score scatter plot of PLS-DA model for control (green) and AIS (blue) groups. (B) A 100 permutations test of PLS-DA model (R2=0.847; Q2=−0.133). (C) Volcano plot, and (D) S-plot.

A total of 128 variables were firstly extracted out on the preprocessing of raw data from the spectra as potential biomarkers by the Compound Discoverer 2.0. Subsequently, to explore the most obvious metabolites between the study groups, metabolites with a variable importance projection (VIP) >1 were further selected as candidate metabolites. The candidate metabolites were further verified by Volcano plot (Figure 2C) and S-plot (Figure 2D). Finally, the Mass Profiler Professional was used to perform t-test and select candidate metabolites at P<0.05 as biomarkers. 18 biomarkers among the 128 metabolites were screened between the two groups, and these metabolites allowed the two groups to separate well in PLS-DA. Among them, a total of 9 biomarkers were up regulated and 9 biomarkers were down regulated in the AIS group compared with control group. Detailed information describing the 18 metabolic biomarkers was shown in Table S1. To intuitively inspect the differences between the control and AIS groups, we produced a heatmap of potential biomarkers identified above (Figure 3A). Red represents the AIS group and green represents the control group. The warmer color (from blue to red) of the color lumps, the higher response of the representative biomarkers between two groups. As depicted in Figure 3A, color differences between control group and AIS group indicate the metabolites had changed significantly after AIS intervention.

Figure 3 (A) Heat map of the 18 differentially biomarkers between the control and AIS group. (B) Pathway impact analysis with MetaboAnalyst: 1 Tryptophan metabolism; 2 Arginine and proline metabolism; 3 Cysteine and methionine metabolism; 4 Steroid hormone biosynthesis. (C) Schematic diagram of the tryptophan metabolic pathway.

Analysis of Metabolic Pathways of Potential Biomarkers

Based on the 18 identified potential biomarkers, the relevant metabolic pathways were assigned using MetaboAnalyst 3.0 (http://www.metaboanalyst.ca). These results of metabolic pathway analysis were presented in the form of bubble diagrams in which each bubble represented a metabolic pathway. As shown in Figure 3B, there was one metabolic pathway with an impact value of 0, indicating that its contribution to the metabolic pathway was too small to be considered. On the other hand, there were 4 significant relevant metabolic pathways with the impact value>0, namely tryptophan metabolism, arginine and proline metabolism, cysteine and methionine metabolism and steroid hormone biosynthesis. Among these, the tryptophan metabolism with the highest impact value and the highest p-value, was considered as the most important metabolic pathway between control and AIS groups. The main metabolism pathways related to the biomarkers are shown in Table S1.

Characterization of the Chemical Constituents in Agarwood

In the GC-MS analysis, a total of 27 compounds were identified containing 10 sesquiterpenes and 17 2-(2-Phenylethyl) chromones (Supplementary Material, Figure S1, Table S2). 138 compounds including 100 chromones, 21 sesquiterpenes, 3 phenolics and 14 other compounds were identified by UHPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap-MS (Table S3, Figure S2). According to report that the chromone derivatives were further classified as four main types: tetrahydro-2-(2-phenylethyl) chromones (THPECs), flidersia type 2-(2-phenylethyl) chromones (FTPECs), epoxy-tetrahydro-2-(2-phenylethyl) chromones (EPECs) and 2-(2-phenylethyl) chromones polymers.²¹ In this study, 26 THPECs, 45 FTPECs, 12 EPECs and 17 2-(2-phenylethyl) chromones polymers were identified. However, due to the fact that most of the compounds have the same molecular formula and similar fragment ions, some chromone isomers cannot be distinguished. It is worthwhile to note that the total ion chromatography of agarwood incense smoke was basically consistent with the agarwood sample (Figure S2). Although the retention time of chromatographic peaks is slightly different.

It is useful to further identify the chemical components in agarwood based on the MS/MS spectrum and the cracking rule. According to reports, the most 2-(2-phenylethyl) chromones in agarwood have been substituted by methoxy and hydroxyl groups, causing the neutral loss of 18 Da (-H₂O),15 Da (-CH₃) and 31 Da (-OCH₃).²² The characteristic fragmentation behavior of the 2-(2-phenylethyl) chromones was the cleavage of the CH₂-CH₂ bond between chromone moiety and phenyl moiety, forming the diagnose fragments of ⁶A⁺ and ⁶B⁺. The compound 2 had the molecular formula C₁₇H₁₈O₇, and showed two fragment ions at m/z 193.0489 (⁶A⁺) and 107.0492 (⁶B⁺), which resulted from the breaking of CH₂-CH₂ bond. Besides, THPECs were also characterized as the successive neutral losses of two H₂O and two CO molecules. Similar to the above cleavage feature, the compound 2 displayed the fragment ions at m/z 317.1008, 299.0903, 271.0955 and 243.1010, in accordance with the successive neutral losses of two H₂O (m/z 299.0903) and two CO molecules (m/z 243.1010). Thence the compound 2 was tentatively annotated as aquilarone F belonging to the THPEC (Figure 4A).²² The compounds of 108, 119 and 123 showed similar molecular ions at m/z 311 and the same molecular formula C₁₉H₁₈O₄. However, the fragment ions among the three compounds were different due to the different positions of -OCH₃. As for the compounds of 108 and 119, the fragment ions at m/z 220.0721 (⁶A⁺) and 91.0543 (⁶B⁺), corresponding to chromone ion (C₁₀H₇O₂+2 OCH₃) and benzyl ion (C₇H₇), were tentatively identified as 2-(2-phenylethyl) chromones (Figure 4B). Additionally, 2-(2-phenylethyl) chromones could also undergo RDA cracking, producing fragments ^1,3A⁺ and ^1,3B⁺, except for THPECs. Similarly, the ^1,3A⁺ fragment ions at m/z 181.0490 (compound 108) and 151.0390 (compound 119) attributed to the RDA cracking were observed. Although it is not impossible to distinguish the isomers, it could be preliminarily inferred that two -OCH₃ molecules were substituted at the A ring of compounds 108 and 119, while compound 123 had only one -OCH₃ molecule at the A ring based on the fragment ions at m/z 181.0490 and 151.0390. The compound 108 and 119 were tentatively characterized as 6,7-dimethoxy-2-(2-phenylethyl) chromone or isomer (FTPEC), and the compound 123 was tentatively assigned as 6-methoxy-2-[2-(3-methoxyphenyl)ethyl]chromone or isomer (FTPEC).²³

Figure 4 The MS/MS spectra and the proposed fragmentation routes of representative compounds. (A) tetrahydro-2-(2-phenylethyl) chromones, (B) flidersia-2-(2-phenylethyl) chromones, (C) phenolic, and (D) sesquiterpene.

According to the negative MS/MS spectrum, the phenolic compound (compound 3) was characterized as the neutral losses of -Glc (C₆H₁₀O₅) based on the fragment ion at m/z 259.0244. The fragment ion at m/z 403.0665 resulted from the neutral losses of H₂O molecule. Moreover, the neutral loss of C₃H₆O₃ (m/z 331.0457) could aid to characterize the phenolic compound, which was consisted with the fragmentation characteristics of the flavone. The compound 3 was assigned to the Mangiferin (Figure 4C).²⁴

Besides, the cleavage of sesquiterpene (compound 20) was characterized by the successive neutral losses of H₂O and CH₂ molecules. The MS/MS spectrum with the fragment ions at m/z 235.1685, 217.1581, 189.1633, 175.1115 and 161.0955 corresponded to the successive neutral losses of two H₂O molecules [M+H-2H₂O]⁺ (m/z 217.1581), a CO molecule [M+H-2H₂O-CO]⁺ (m/z 189.1633), and then two CH₂ molecules [M+H-2H₂O-CO-2CH₂]⁺ (m/z 161.0955). The compound 20 was tentatively characterized as baimuxifuranic acid (Figure 4D).²⁵

Targets Analysis Related to Potential Biomarkers and Compounds

After removing the isomers, 59 compounds were used for targets prediction. There were 4039 relationships of “compound-target” with probability>0 (Table S4). By means of metabonomics and Metscape 3.1.3, 224 targets can be linked to 9 of the 18 biomarkers (Table S5). Potential biomarkers and potential targets of compounds were imported into Metscape 3.1.3 to obtain the related protein targets.

Protein-Protein Interaction (PPI) Network Construction

From the systematic perspective, PPI networks were fundamental to predict the multifactor functioning of diverse proteins in complex indication. With MCODE applied for module analysis, all nodes were classified and colored according to their function (MCODE-1~MCODE-7). The PPI network for targets is demonstrated in Figure 5. The MCODE networks identified for individual target lists have been gathered and shown in Figure 5A and B. Their functional labels were generated based on the functional enriched terms. These processes included MAPK signaling pathway (MCODE-1), peptidyl-tyrosine modification (MCODE-2), peptidyl-tyrosine phosphorylation (MCODE-3), transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase signaling pathway (MCODE-4), peptidyl-serine phosphorylation (MCODE-5), Steroid hormone biosynthesis (MCODE-6) and carbohydrate metabolic process (MCODE-7). The core targets of PPI network were AKT1, GAPDH, MAPK3, TP53 and EGFR. Those processes and core targets were mainly related to insomnia and depression.

Figure 5 PPI network for AIS. (A) General view of the interactions of proteins and clustered proteins. (B) MCODE networks divided by functions.

C-T-B Network Construction

The C-T-B network had 54 nodes, including 38 compound nodes, 12 target nodes and 4 biomarkers nodes (Figure 6). The 12 targets were directly regulated by the 38 compounds of agarwood, including chromones especially FTPECs type chromones and sesquiterpenes. In addition, 4 potential biomarkers were directly controlled by targets.

Figure 6 The C-T-B network of agarwood. The number of the compounds is consistent with that in Table S3.

Docking Results

Studies of molecular docking were executed to determine the coupling attraction and association within inhibitors and the target protein (Urease) utilizing Glide programming. Glide was a docking programming accessible for ligand-protein restricting studies. The five core targets of PPI were selected for molecular docking study. The PDB ID of each target was retrieved from the RCSB PDB database. From the results, we can see that most of the compounds had certain activity.

Many of the natural ligands in agarwood demonstrated interactions like hydrogen bond, hydrophobic, electrostatic, ionic, and π- π stacking in the catalytic pocket of receptors with the various amino acid residues. We found that aquilarone F has a good docking score with all the core target proteins. Binding studies of aquilarone F within the active pocket showing their major interactions with the surrounding amino acid residues are discussed here: Docking score between aquilarone F and AKT1, GAPDH, MAPK3, TP53 and EGFR were −4.600, −9.204, −7.966, −4.551 and −6.769. Aquilarone F formed hydrogen bond interaction with LYS14, ARG15, LEU52, GLN79 and ARG86 of AKT1, and formed Pi-cation with ARG-23 (Figure 7).

Figure 7 Stereoview of substrate/inhibitor binding of aquilarone F and (A) AKT1, (B) TP53, (C) GAPDH, (D) MAPK3, and (E) EGFR.

Discussion

Being a highly valuable non-timber product, agarwood is used for incenses, perfumes, traditional medicines, and other products in the world market.^8,26 Metabolomics, used for the profiling of endogenous metabolic changes in the biological system, is a comprehensive and systematic technique.²⁷ Network pharmacology analysis could reveal the endogenous metabolites and clarify the potential complicated relationship between multiple metabolites and multiple targets. Therefore, we studied the biomarkers and investigated possible mechanism after AIS intervening by metabolomics combined with network pharmacology analysis in this study.

To explore potential biomarkers and explain possible mechanism of AIS intervention on mice, the changes of serum metabolites in control and AIS groups were monitored using untargeted metabolomic and multivariate data methods. In total 18 biomarkers were determined including lotaustralin, proline, serotonin (5-HT), 6-hydroxymelatonin, N-Formylkynurenine, tryptophan, 5-hydroxyindoleacetylglycine, 5’-methylthioaden osine (MTA), kynurenic acid, N-Acetylserotonin (NAS), alpha-Ribazole, indole-3-acetate, N-Acetyl-L-phenylalanine, cortisol, 9-OxoODE, palmitol eic acid, (±)12(13)-DiHOME, oleoyl ethanolamide. These above differential biomarkers identification results were mainly related to tryptophan metabolism, arginine and proline metabolism, cysteine and methionine metabolism, and steroid hormone biosynthesis.

Metabolic pathway enrichment analysis revealed that the tryptophan metabolism, which included tryptophan, 5-HT, NAS, 6-hydroxymelatonin, 5-hydroxyindolea cetylglycine, N-Formylkynurenine, kynurenic acid and indole-3-acetate was the most significantly impacted metabolic pathway. Notably, these biomarkers were the important components in sleep-wake cycle and were related to a variety of neurological diseases.²⁸ Tryptophan could be metabolised by the tryptamine, kynurenine pathways as well as the 5-HT pathway, which mainly included tryptamine, kynurenine, tryptophan, and the downstream metabolites (Figure 3C).²⁹ Importantly, the increase of tryptophan, 5-HT, NAS, 5-hydroxyindoleacetylglycine, 6-hydroxymelatonin and the decrease of indole-3-acetate, N-Formyl-kynurenine and kynurenic acid indicated that tryptophan tended to the 5-HT pathway, thereby competitively reducing the conversion of tryptophan to kynurenic acid and tryptamine pathways. Tryptophan was the precursor of the 5-HT, which had a direct effect on the synthesis of 5-HT. In the central nervous system, tryptophan has been implicated in regulation of sleep, depression and anxiety.^30,31 5-HT, a precursor for the synthesis of NAS and subsequent melatonin, is an important chemical substance that induces sleep. According to report, 5-HT has been claimed to help alleviate insomnia, depression, and headaches.³² As the metabolites of 5-HT, NAS was believed to be potential biomarkers for sleep-related disorders.³³ Melatonin is produced by the pineal gland, which is located in the center of the brain but outside the blood-brain barrier.³⁴ The secretion of melatonin increases in darkness and decreases during exposure to light, thereby regulating the circadian rhythms of several biological functions, including the sleep–wake cycle.³⁵ Melatonin is mainly metabolized in liver via cytochromes P450 to form 6-hydroxymelatonin, which could reflect the level of metabolism of melatonin.³⁶ It has been reported that the 6-hydroxymelatonin had the potentially neuroprotective.³⁷ N-Formyl-kynurenine is the initial bioproduct of tryptophan metabolism via the kynurenine pathway that catabolizes nearly 95% of tryptophan in mammalian cells.³⁸ Kynurenic acid is a downstream product of N-Formyl-kynurenine, which adversely affects sleep and cognitive, in a dose-dependent manner, resulting in a disruption of the normal sleep architecture during the light phase.³⁹ In summary, the tryptophan metabolic pathway plays an important role in sleep and emotional disease.⁴⁰

Arginine and proline metabolism is one of the central pathways for the biosynthesis of the amino acids. Recent studies have shown that chlorogenic acid has a significant improvement effect in rat models of sleep deprivation, and the mechanism might regulate the abnormal pathways of arginine and proline metabolism.⁴¹ At the same time, we found that proline was the only disturbed metabolite in this pathway, and its up-regulation might relate the decline of the metabolic levels. According to a previous study, cysteine and methionine is likely associated with psychiatric condition.⁴² Additionally, MTA, a sulfur-containing nucleoside produced by animal tissue metabolism, is a marker of sleep deprivation. Normally, it was cleaved in eukaryotic cells by an MTA phosphorylase to adenine and 5-deoxy-5-methylthioribose-1-phosphate, which was the key step in the metabolism of cysteine and methionine.⁴³ Steroid hormone plays an essential role in regulating metabolism, salt and water balance, and in enhancing immunity, withstanding illness and injury.⁴⁴ Furthermore, the steroids could also be synthesized and metabolized by cholesterol in the central and peripheral nervous systems independently, acting on GABAA receptor.⁴⁵ This may provide a possible mechanism for the hypnotic effect of neurosteroids. Cortisol as key biomarker in steroid hormone biosynthesis had a consistent variation trend with published literature.⁴⁶

For the network pharmacology analysis, in total 138 compounds were determined and employed to construct C-T-B network combined with biomarkers. Notably, network pharmacology analysis highlighted 5 targets, namely AKT1, GAPDH, MAPK3, TP53 and EGFR. Among them, AKT1 was highly related to depression⁴⁷ associated with disturbances of sleep, cancer⁴⁸ and hypnosis.⁴⁹ AKT1 encodes a serine/threonine kinase and is involved in lithium signaling, which has been considered a vulnerable gene for bipolar disorder previously.⁵⁰ A study considered that protein kinase AKT1 could be involved in pathogenesis of affective disorders.⁵¹ Anti-GAPDH autoantibodies play an important role in the pathogenesis of neuropsychiatric disorders.⁵² AKT1 and GAPDH were related to the disorder of glucose and energy metabolism in major depressive disorder.⁵³ Abundant researches indicated that inflammation-related targets such as MAPK3, TP53 and EGFR were important in the pathophysiology of depression.⁵⁴ Many reports have shown that MAPK played important part in synaptic plasticity.⁵⁵ The activation of p38 MAPK cascades are implicated in synaptic dysfunction in neurodegenerative disorders through clinical observations and preclinical investigations. Somatic mutations in the TP53 gene are one of the most frequent alterations in human cancers, which was associated with breast cancer and non-small cell lung cancer. The stress adaptive processes induced by mutant p53 trigger positive loops feeding its own accumulation in cancer cells.

Conclusion

Metabolomics analysis revealed that the abnormal metabolism of biomarkers occurred between the control and AIS groups implicated that AIS intervention might mediate the insomnia and emotional disease through the tryptophan metabolism pathway. Combining the results of network pharmacology analysis, we found that the material basis of AIS intervention was mainly FTPECs type chromones such as aquilarone F and sesquiterpene. On the basis of the network pharmacology results, it can be inferred that AIS intervention may mediate neural activity due to its action on AKT1, GAPDH, MAPK3, TP53 and EGFR. The pharmacological activity was mainly related to sedative-hypnotic and depression, which was consistent with the traditional effects of agarwood. The neural activity of agarwood is one of the most studied aspects with many active compounds and a promising drug candidate found, which will sustain it as a research hotspot in the future.^26,56 This technique is promising to open new perspectives to using metabolomics and network pharmacology platform to resolve special TCM issues.