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Commercial Hand Sanitizers use amid COVID-19 Pandemic: the Concerns of Antimicrobial Resistance
Received 27 April 2021
Accepted for publication 26 May 2021
Published 10 June 2021 Volume 2021:14 Pages 2183—2185
DOI https://doi.org/10.2147/IDR.S317767
Checked for plagiarism Yes
Review by Single anonymous peer review
Peer reviewer comments 2
Editor who approved publication: Prof. Dr. Héctor Mora-Montes
Desta Assefa, Tsegaye Melaku
School of Pharmacy, Jimma University, Oromia, Ethiopia
Correspondence: Desta Assefa
School of Pharmacy, Jimma University, P.O. Box: 378, Oromia, Ethiopia
Email [email protected]
Abstract: Following the outbreak of novel coronavirus disease, the rising concerns about the prevalence of alcohol-based hand sanitizers’ inappropriate use and substandard products in the market create an ongoing safety concern. They can cause frequent exposure of microorganisms to below the alcohol concentrations to the range recommended for infection prevention and development of mutations. Thus, it is invaluable to sensitize the scientific community for further researches to provide additional evidence. Additionally, regulation of quality and proper use of alcohol-based hand sanitizers should be effectively promoted. This commentary justifies the impact of COVID-19 on the current and future use of alcohol-based hand sanitizers.
Keywords: COVID-19, alcohol-based hand sanitizers, antimicrobial resistance
Commentary
Following its outbreak, the contagious novel coronavirus (COVID-19) spread more rapidly across the world. It becomes an unprecedented challenge to global health.1–4 Due to no effective antiviral drug discovered yet, the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended vaccines and preventive measures to fight and stay safe from it. Especially in developing countries, keeping hand hygiene using soap and water or alcohol-based hand sanitizers (ABHSs) plays an inevitable role in inactivating and preventing the spread.5–8
Unless hands are visibly soiled, alcohol-based hand sanitizer is preferred to keep hand hygiene in most healthcare settings and communities during COVID-19.9–11 It should be due to ABHS is time and cost-effective, available at the point of care, has improved skin tolerance and broad microbiological spectrum. Thus, the emergent COVID-19 situation caused a sudden spike in demand of ABHSs, generated a substantial shortage in supply, less rigorous quality control, and prevalence of inappropriate use and substandard products in the market.9,10,12,13
Amid COVID-19, inappropriate use, less rigorous quality control, and the increased prevalence of substandard ABHS products in the markets can create ongoing safety concerns. They can cause frequent microbial exposure to low doses or substandard concentrations of alcohol. It becomes ineffective and leads to the development of mutation.13–16 Especially utilizing ABHSs at five moments in the healthcare setting amid COVID-19 can lead to prolonged exposure of susceptible resident bacteria on human hands to below alcoholic concentrations range recommended for infection prevention. It generates a progressive stepwise accumulation of natural mutations and emerging of alcoholic tolerance in microbes.
Because ABHS is the most commonly used disinfectant, the development of resistance mutation can put more burdens on already struggling healthcare professionals and global growing problems in healthcare.17–19 It clarifies the chance for the failure of using ABHSs mainly for hygienic hand disinfection in the healthcare setting and community in the near future if the current trend continues.
Conclusion
Amid COVID-19, in addition to dynamic human life losses, the inappropriate use and prevalence of substandard alcohol-based sanitizer are highly increased. Misuse and substandard products can lead to common resident bacteria on human hand exposure to a low dose of alcohol (sub-disinfecting concentrations). It creates a chance for stepwise accumulation of resistance mutations. In the near future, it can be a great challenge to use ABHSs.
Operational Definition
Alcohol: Isopropanol, ethanol, n-propanol, or their combinations.
Five essential moments: before patient contact, before clean/aseptic procedures, after the risk of body fluids, after patient contact, and after contact with patient surroundings.
Resident bacteria on human hands: include Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus warneri, Acinetobacter lwoffii, Enterobacter cloacae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pseudomonas fluorescens/putida, Staphylococcusaureus.
Data Sharing Statement
Not applicable.
Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate
Not applicable.
Consent for Publication
Not applicable.
Author Contributions
Both authors made substantial contributions to conceptualize and design the manuscript. And together, data acquisition, analysis, and interpretation, drafting or revising the article critically for important intellectual content were performed. They agreed to submit to the current journal, gave final approval of the version to be published, and agreed to be accountable for all aspects of the work.
Funding
There is no funding to report.
Disclosure
The authors reported no conflicts of interest for this work.
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