Back to Journals » Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dentistry » Volume 13

Immediate Dentin Sealing: A Literature Review

Authors Samartzi TK, Papalexopoulos D , Sarafianou A, Kourtis S

Received 22 February 2021

Accepted for publication 20 May 2021

Published 21 June 2021 Volume 2021:13 Pages 233—256

DOI https://doi.org/10.2147/CCIDE.S307939

Checked for plagiarism Yes

Review by Single anonymous peer review

Peer reviewer comments 4

Editor who approved publication: Professor Christopher E. Okunseri



Theodora-Kalliopi Samartzi,1 Dimokritos Papalexopoulos,2 Aspasia Sarafianou,2 Stefanos Kourtis2

1Private Dentistry Practice, Athens, Greece; 2Department of Prosthodontics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece

Correspondence: Dimokritos Papalexopoulos
Department of Prosthodontics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
Email [email protected]

Purpose: The immediate application of a dentin-bonding agent after tooth preparation and before impression-taking (immediate dentin sealing [IDS]) has been suggested to provide several advantages concerning bacterial microleakage, hypersensitivity, and bonding quality. We reviewed the literature and clarified certain aspects related to each step of IDS application.
Materials and Methods: The search strategy comprised an electronic research in MEDLINE, Cochrane, Ovid and Scopus for studies published from January 1990 to December 2020 regarding the IDS technique and including both in vitro and clinical studies.
Results: After exclusion of irrelevant or duplicate articles, 88 articles focusing on aspects of the IDS technique were assessed. IDS seems to be advantageous with regard to bond strength, gap formation, bacterial microleakage, and dentin hypersensitivity. However, issues arising from interaction with impression materials, the provisional phase, and conditioning methods before cementation require further investigation.
Conclusion: There are no documented reasons preventing clinicians applying IDS in their everyday practice. On the contrary, the presented technique seems to be beneficial in certain aspects regarding indirect restorations.

Keywords: IDS, indirect restorations, restorative dentistry, review

Introduction

Indirect restorations (even if they are more expensive and time-consuming compared with direct restorations) provide reduced polymerization shrinkage;1 better esthetic, physical, and mechanical properties by post-curing the restoration with light/heat; ideal occlusal morphology; interproximal contacts and wear compatibility with opposing teeth.1,2 Indirect restorations can also aid the restoration of deep preparations with gingival margins located in dentin.3

Restorative dentistry is opposed to the wastage of tooth tissue. Hence, minimally invasive restorations such as inlays, onlays, and laminate veneers are employed. However, regardless of the amount of tooth substance removed, exposure of dentin tubules is inevitable.4 Given the inadequate sealing provided by interim cementation materials, exposed dentin is confronted with bacterial microleakage, as well as chemical and mechanical stimuli transmitted during impression-taking, rinsing, drying, function, and removal of provisional materials.5

To counterbalance the above-mentioned issues and prevent potential pulp damage, the immediate application of a dentin-bonding agent (DBA) after tooth preparation and before impression-taking was introduced in the early-1990s by Pashley et al.6 This method, which is also referred to as “prehybridization”, “dual bonding technique”, and “resin coating technique”, was established with the term “immediate dentin sealing” (IDS).7 In conventional procedures, sealing of the dentin tubules takes place at the bonding stage of the final restoration (delayed dentin sealing [DDS]).8 Thus, during provisionalization, exposed dentin leaves a potential pathway for bacterial infiltration. Conversely, in the IDS technique, dentin adhesives are applied before the provisional phase, which presents benefits with regard to bacterial microleakage, dentin hypersensitivity, gap formation, and bond strength.9

Because articles elaborating all aspects regarding IDS and providing a unanimous protocol are lacking,10 in this study we reviewed the literature and clarified certain clinical procedures related to each step of IDS application.

Materials and Methods

We searched for evidence-based research articles on IDS published from January 1990 until December 2020 using MEDLINE, Cochrane, Ovid and Scopus databases. After initial screening of the literature, the terms “immediate dentin sealing”, “dual bonding technique”, “resin coating technique”, and “prehybridization” were used as key words. Supplementary manual research was also conducted.

Peer-reviewed articles, articles written in English, and articles regarding the IDS technique in human, permanent teeth were the inclusion criteria. Articles not written in English, duplicates, and articles not focusing on aspects of the IDS technique or in vitro studies including primary or bovine teeth were excluded from further evaluation.

The search identified 26.222 articles. After a gradual screening of titles, abstracts, and full texts, all articles were evaluated independently by two reviewers (T.S. and D.P.) for their appropriateness. Discrepancies between the two reviewers were discussed until consensus was reached.

Results

After exclusion of irrelevant or duplicated articles, 88 articles were included in this review. Information regarding the type of study, study design, and main findings are depicted in Table 1. For better understanding and segmentation of the available literature, we divided the articles and presented the information in accordance with the chronological steps of the technique and corresponding clinical appointments (Figure 1).

Table 1 Characteristics of Articles Included in the Present Review in Publication Order

Figure 1 Questions regarding each clinical step of the restorative protocol containing the IDS technique and determination of the sections discussed in this review.

Abbreviations: IDS, immediate dentin sealing; DDS, delayed dentin sealing.

Each section of this manuscript answers a crucial question regarding the treatment approach as well as the technical details of IDS application. First, the rationale supporting selection of the technique is analyzed. Moreover, we cite all available evidence for the most appropriate adhesive systems; interaction with impression materials; provisional restorations; surface conditioning; material selection for adhesive luting and film thickness; restorative materials; microleakage/marginal adaptation; time of restoration placement; and hypersensitivity.

IDS Protocol

The IDS technique rests upon four fundamental principles.11 First, only fresh-cut, contaminant-free dentin provides the optimum substrate for bonding. In any other case, the bond strength is inferior.12,13 Second, if the DBA and overlaying composite are light-cured together, the hybrid layer may collapse due to the pressure from the composite or restoration placement.14–16 Thus, precuring the DBA results in a better bond strength. Third, IDS and delayed restoration placement permit maturation of the dentin bond in an environment free of occlusal forces and overlaying composite shrinkage.71,72 Fourth, IDS reduces fluid and bacterial penetration.

The clinical advantages emerging from the aforementioned include11 (i) patient comfort during provisionalization, less need for anesthesia at the cementation appointment, and reduced post-cementation sensitivity; (ii) increased bond strength and retention, especially for tapered teeth with short clinical crowns and minimum removal of tooth tissue;17 (iii) independent treatment and conditioning of dentin and enamel that maximizes the overall performance of both tissues according to their individual characteristics.

According to Magne,9,18 the first step of IDS is to distinguish dentin from enamel. For this purpose, a preliminary etching of 2–3 s is undertaken at the whole tooth surface. After thorough rinsing, enamel acquires a “frosty” appearance, whereas dentin is more “glossy”. Then, using a diamond bur (in etch-and-rinse systems) or a carbide tungsten bur (in self-etch systems), a fresh layer of dentin is exposed, over which a thick layer of a DBA is applied and light-polymerized according to manufacturer instructions. In the case of unfilled adhesive, a supplementary layer of flowable resin is recommended or alternatively, a regular composite to correct geometry, eliminate undercuts, or elevate the preparation. After that, the DBA is polymerized additionally through glycerin gel (air-blocking) to reduce the oxygen-inhibition layer (OIL) and rinsed with air/water spray. To remove excess adhesive, enamel margins may need to be corrected with a diamond bur.

Before the impression procedure with elastomeric materials, the tooth preparation is pumiced softly with a rubber cup for OIL reduction and, after that it is isolated with a separating medium (eg, petroleum jelly) to avoid locking of the interim restoration. With regard to placement of the final restoration, the sealed surface must be air-abraded and the enamel etched with phosphoric acid (H3PO4). Finally, the restoration is luted with a resin-based cement. However, materials and protocols are evolving constantly, so the above-mentioned guidelines may deviate. The key element is to follow the basic steps and integrate the new materials simultaneously following manufacturer instructions.

Type of Adhesive System

In adhesive dentistry, there are always attempts to simplify bonding steps to reduce “chair time” and make clinical procedures less technique-sensitive. However, a conventional three-step total-etch DBA claimed to be the most reliable long-term option is recommended by Magne9 for IDS. Scholars have reported19,20 that older three-step etch-and-rinse systems and two-step self-etch systems are superior to single-step systems with regard to durability, aging, and bond strength. Furthermore, older adhesives form a more hydrophobic resin coating, which is desirable for IDS efficacy.19 Single-step self-etching adhesives have been accused of being susceptible to degradation if water stored because of the increased hydrophilicity of their interface.21 It has also been suggested that, for vital teeth with positive pulpal pressure, the penetration of dentinal fluid through polymerized adhesive layers may deteriorate hermetic dentin sealing if simplified adhesive systems are employed.5

Duarte et al3 revealed that both total-etch adhesives and self-etch adhesives favored IDS achieving a significantly higher bond strength than that using the conventional approach (without IDS). Conversely, Ferreira-Filho et al,21 in an attempt to investigate the behavior of four adhesive systems (one-step self-etch Xeno V; two-step self-etch Clearfil SE Bond; two-step etch-and-rinse XP Bond; three-step etch-and-rinse Optibond FL), found no differences in microtensile bond strength among the adhesives tested and the control group (without IDS) after 3 months of water storage.

It is clear that the adhesive system applied influences the permeability of sealed dentin, not to mention that there are adhesives reported to be less effective than the original smear layer.22–24 Sahin et al5 attempted to identify the hydraulic conductance of dentin after application of five materials (two-step self-etch Clearfil Protect Bond; all-in-one self-etch adhesive Adper Prompt L-Pop; one-component self-etch adhesives Clearfil S3 Bond and G-Bond; etch-and-rinse adhesive Single Bond 2; one dentin desensitizer Gluma). They reported that none of the adhesives examined achieved hermetic dentin sealing. However, G-Bond and Clearfil Protect Bond managed more efficacious sealing than the original smear layer. The results of that study are in agreement with data from another study23 demonstrating that Clearfil Protect Bond had the lowest fluid permeability, followed by G-Bond (which manifested lower but statistically similar permeability with that using Clearfil S3 Bond).

Although a few studies have compared the efficacy of different DBAs used for IDS, conventional systems (three-step-total-etch, two-step-self-etch) are recommended because their clinical efficacy has been substantiated by many studies in recent decades. Adherence to manufacturer instructions is of the utmost importance.

Interaction with Impression Materials

Several issues arise regarding the contamination of a resin coating surface by elastomeric impression materials. If light-cured, DBAs present a superficial OIL.25 The thickness of the OIL is ~40 μm and can inhibit the polymerization of elastomeric impression materials.25,26 Magne and Nielsen27 demonstrated a substantial layer of unpolymerized resin in specimens in which IDS had been applied without further surface treatment, regardless of the type of DBA or impression material used. This, in turn, led to defective impressions. Those findings are in agreement with data from Ghiggi et al,28 who observed diverse interaction types among resin materials and impression materials: silicone showed incomplete polymerization and polyether, although polymerized, attempted to adhere to the resin present on the surface. It is speculated that the chemical composition of vinylpolysiloxane and polyethers accounts for their different interactions with resin materials.28 Specifically, for vinyl polysiloxane, the monomers present in the OIL may react with the platinum salt (the catalyst in the polymerization reaction). As a result, a small portion of the light impression material remains unpolymerized over the resin materials. For polyethers, the initiator agent is cation that can react with the free radicals of monomers from the surface of resin materials (ionic polymerization). Furthermore, the hydrophilicity of polyethers, their higher stiffness, and their lower resistance to tear in comparison with those of vinyl polysiloxane favors superficial adhesion to the resin surface, and so defective impressions emerge. The hydrophilic monomer hydroxyethylmethacrylate, which is present in the adhesive resin of some DBAs, has been also accused of causing residual inhibition.27

Based on the knowledge that reducing/eliminating the OIL would lead to the abovementioned issues being resolved, several cleaning protocols after IDS application and before impression-taking have been suggested. Magne and Nielsen27 advocated that the residues of impression materials could be reduced with additional polymerization of the DBA with glycerin jelly (air-blocking) and pumicing (gentle application of a pumice water mix with a soft rubber prophy cup and slow-speed handpiece at 500 rpm), but only with silicone impression materials. A polyether was not recommended with IDS because of the high incidence of faulty impressions (unpolymerized impression material, adhesion, tearing). Those findings are in agreement with an in vitro study by Khakiani et al.29

Bruzi et al30 suggested that covering the IDS layer with a liner (flowable/composite) resolves the issue of interaction with impression materials. Coating the DBA with flowable resin enhances subsequent polymerization of the OIL in uncured adhesives thanks to the diffusion of free radicals from the flowable resin.31,32

Ghiggi et al28 compared the air-blocking technique with the use of a cotton pellet soaked in alcohol. They concluded that both methods were equally efficient in preventing interaction with impression materials.

Sinjari et al,33 in an attempt to identify a safe protocol for clinical surfaces, evaluated the application of prophy paste treatment (surface carefully cleaned with a handpiece, coping brush, and prophy paste at 500 rpm under a water spray for 15 s) and of a surfactant agent (Marseille soap) on the IDS surface before impression-taking with silicone and polyether. The researchers demonstrated a reduction of residues in prophy groups and their total disappearance in prophy + Marseille-soap groups for the two impression materials tested.

Given that OIL elimination is the key factor for a defect-free impression, researchers have focused attention on double polymerization of the DBA with glycerin gel and the several cleaning protocols suggested in literature. Even if polyether as an impression material is disapproved by most authors, the protocol of Sinjari et al (prophy paste + Marseille soap) offers cautious optimism regarding the choice of impression material.

Interaction with Provisional Materials

With regard to the choice of interim material and cement, resin-based ones should be avoided.9,34 Direct acrylic-based provisional materials cannot seal preparations hermetically, which results in contamination of the IDS surface and loss of retention.35 Conversely, regardless of OIL removal, direct bis-acryl-based provisional materials and resin-based interim cements bond strongly to the IDS substrate.35 Hence, removal of the provisional material proves to be demanding and sometimes it must be cut-off the tooth, which jeopardizes the integrity of tooth preparation.35 Even after persistent mechanical cleaning and conditioning with 37% phosphoric acid, the presence of interim-material residue on dentin has been identified in studies using scanning electron microscopy36,37 and atomic force microscopy.38 This is the reason why Magne9 strongly recommends isolation of the tooth preparation with a thick layer of a separating medium (petroleum jelly) during fabrication of the provisional material.

The presence of interim-material residues after cleaning has been documented. The question is whether the remaining residues affect the bond strength to such an extent that makes bonding insufficient.39 Some authors have reported a reduction in the bond strength of resin materials only after use of eugenol-containing cements,40,41 whereas other scholars have not discriminated the type of interim cement.42 To counteract the drawbacks of eugenol (interaction with initiators, loss of retention, microleakage43), one could propose its replacement by carboxylic acids. Nevertheless, a considerable reduction in bond strength after adhesive cementation has also been observed with non-eugenol formulations.13 It has been demonstrated that if IDS is applied, regardless of the use of eugenol-containing or eugenol-free provisional luting agents,43 interim materials do not influence the adhesion quality of resin cements.39,43–46

Schoenbaum et al35 suggested the “reverse spot bonding technique” for provisional cementation. This technique relies on the bonding of the provisional material in only a small area of the IDS-prepared tooth, away from the margins. This serves efficient cleaning of the surface at the cementation appointment. A small portion of fast-setting condensation silicone is placed in the middle of the preparation, covering 2–3 mm of the sealed surface. Then, a separating medium is applied on the entire surface of the preparation. The silicone increment is removed to leave a small active bonding area while the remaining portion of the sealed surface does not bond to the bis-acryl material thanks to the presence of the separating film.

Interim restoration should protect the underlying tooth surface and not endanger the integrity of the preparation after its removal. Application of a separating medium combined with spot bonding seems to serve the above-mentioned requirements. Moreover, resin-based temporary cements should be avoided,47 unless isolation using a water-soluble gel has been applied beforehand.34

Conditioning Methods

A contaminant-free substrate is a necessity for optimum bonding. Therefore, selection of the appropriate conditioning method is of utmost importance. Magne et al9 employed air-borne particle abrasion (APA) with aluminum oxide, whereas Dillenburg et al48 demonstrated that additional etching with phosphoric acid had a positive impact on conditioning sealed dentin. In another study,49 polishing with fluoride-free pumice paste and APA with silicoated aluminum oxide or glycin proved to be equally efficient methods, whereas APA with calcium carbonate was contraindicated due to its higher roughness along with the lower bond strength following its application. van den Breemer et al50,51 observed that neither cleaning with pumice nor pumicing with an additional tribochemical silica coating affected the bond strength. Although they could not identify the optimum combination of IDS/conditioning method, they suggested a thick IDS layer conditioned with silica coating. Silica coating expands the adhesive surface area via deposition of silica particles. This action permits superior mechanical retention52 and cleans the surface, thereby enabling chemical co-polymerization of the resin-based cement with IDS.50 With regard to sandblasting with alumina, loss of filling particles is likely49 as is a reduction of the resin-to-resin bond strength.51,53 Although as outlined above there are conflicting results, contrary to pumicing with a rotary brush, access to difficult parts of the preparation achieved by sandblasting is desirable.

There is an array of conditioning methods/materials, and further investigation on their potential influence on the IDS surface is required. However, it seems that methods ensuring physical removal of a few micrometers (such as APA) from the resin surface which is in contact with oral fluids should be implemented54 at limited application duration since it enhances diffusion of resin cements.55 After cleansing, dentin surface needs to be reactivated by adhesive resin.55

Film Thickness

The risk of re-exposure of dentin after conditioning is substantive, and is dependent not only on the conditioning method but also on the thickness of the IDS film.56 Film thickness is dependent on the product and its location on the tooth (greater in concave areas than in convex areas).56 The higher film thickness in concave areas is attributed to the tendency of the adhesive to “pool” at the inner angles of the preparation. Low thickness in the border of the preparation is desirable because a high one would expose the adhesive to the oral cavity, with subsequent degradation.57

Stavridakis et al56 suggested the use of a filled DBA to prevent dentin re-exposure after conditioning. Hashimoto et al58 observed an increase in the bond strength after application of multiple layers of adhesive (≤4 layers), whereas Ito et al59 concluded that the separate polymerization of each layer improved the quality of dentin adhesion. The IDS layer has been found to affect cement thickness.60 A thicker IDS film contributes to better distribution of stress, yields a superior bond strength, and provides more stable bonding,50,60,61 whereas elimination of undercuts becomes easier.51 However, if applying a multi-layering technique, one should pay attention to the “ideal” thickness of the adhesive system used and follow manufacturer instructions closely.62

A supplementary layer of a low-viscosity resin (LVR) over the DBA is recommended,57 especially if unfilled DBAs are used.11 Free radicals from the LVR interact with the uncured resin or the acidic monomers from the OIL63 to improve the polymerization of the adhesive system.31 Moreover, an LVR reduces the permeability of adhesives and improves coupling with the resin cement.64 Even if resin–dentin interfaces degrade over time, an LVR protects the underlying hybrid layer and preserves the integrity of the dentin seal.65 An LVR can act as an “absorbing cushion” of the contraction stress generated during resin cement polymerization and, thus, modify the failure pattern63,66 (the formation of a resistant hybridization process contributes to the preservation of the bonded interface area if a fracture occurs). Hence, an improved bond strength has been recorded when adding an LVR31,67,68 although it seems that selection of the LVR type can affect the performance of the restoration.69 In general, the use of materials with high ultimate strength for cementation and coating is recommended.32 In the case of discolored dentin, application of an opaque resin over the DBA reduces the bond strength likely due to the limited mechanical properties of the liner.70 If masking is needed, use of a separate layer of opaque resin is preferred to mixing with the DBA.70

A thick IDS layer is crucial to prevent dentin re-exposure after conditioning. Addition of an LVR provides an array of advantages and so its application is imperative in the case of unfilled DBAs.

Interaction with Luting Cements

IDS manifests the highest retentive stress if combined with resin cements. Thus, IDS is indicated in cases of a short clinical crown height and high angle of convergence. IDS provides efficient retention with glass ionomer cements as well, but under no circumstances should it be used with zinc phosphate.71,72 Dalby et al73 found that IDS did not affect the bond strength of the self-adhesive resin cement RelyX Unicem. In a similar study74 that tested several self-adhesive resin cements, IDS was found to influence the bond strength of the resin cement depending on its type (bond-strength values of Panavia F2.0, RelyX Unicem and RelyX Unicem2 were improved, but no effects were reported for Clearfil SA Cement and G-Cem). It has been also demonstrated that even if simulated pulpal pressure negatively affects the quality of resin–dentin interfaces, IDS increases the bond strength of self-adhesive and conventional resin cements.75 IDS also interacts well if luted with conventional light-cured composites, as indicated by the excellent medium-term prognosis of partial ceramic restorations in a recent clinical study.76

IDS has been demonstrated to improve the bond strength of resin cements (conventional or self-adhesive). Conventional resin cements are recommended in the literature for their superior properties with regard to bond strength, bond-degradation behavior, susceptibility to aqueous aging, and water absorption.

Interaction with Preparation Design

The survival rate of minimally invasive restorations is influenced by the preparation design, restoration thickness and geometry, restorative material, occlusal loading, and bonding procedures.77 Several studies77–82 investigating different types of restorations and restorative materials have shown that IDS enhances the bond strength, fracture resistance, and bond reliability of the restorations tested. With regard to endocrowns, El-Damanhoury and Gaintantzopoulou83 showed that IDS does not improve their fracture resistance. However, a clinical study demonstrated the high success rate of endocrowns in terms of debonding when IDS is applied.84 The survival rate of laminate veneers decreases if bonded to dentin.85 In the case of limited dentin exposure (less than one-quarter of the bonding surface), IDS has no influence on them.86 However, with >50% of dentin exposure, laminate veneers benefit significantly from IDS.87 In a recent study, Hofsteenge et al88 investigated the influence of IDS on the fracture strength of different preparation designs (inlays–overlays). Even though IDS in conjunction with an overlay preparation resulted in the highest fracture strength, the authors concluded that the IDS application did not interact with the effect of the preparation design on fracture strength.

Time of Restoration Placement

With IDS, there is leeway in the dentin bond to develop in a stress-free environment and, thus, to be optimal.11 Magne19 advocates that IDS favors delayed restoration placement for ≤12 weeks. Leesungbok et al89 investigated the influence of IDS on the dentin bond strength of a lithium-disilicate ceramic under various thermocycling periods (1, 2, 7 and 14 days). They identified a reduction in bond strength after 1 week and a greater one (characterized by a larger area of detached cement and exposed dentin) after 2 weeks. Thus, the authors strongly recommend the final bonding to be within 1 week after IDS application.

The IDS concept counts on the success of the bond between the resin coating and luting agent, which is similar to the one for resin-to-resin repair.19 Placement of a provisional restoration for ≤2 weeks does not endanger the resin-to-resin bond, and van den Waals interactions, and micro-mechanical interlocking can account for it.9,90,91 However, to achieve this, the existing adhesive layer must be conditioned.9 Even if it is claimed that a delayed restoration placement is attainable when IDS is applied, the final restoration should be delivered as soon as possible.

Microleakage/Adaptation of the Final Restoration

The adhesive layer–dentin interface constitutes the most vulnerable part of the bonded restoration, so micro-leakage remains a major concern if a restoration is thermally and occlusally stressed.3 There is a wide variation concerning acceptable values for marginal discrepancy: they range from 20–40 μm to 160 μm.92–94 Duarte et al3 demonstrated that even if IDS favored bond strength, micro-leakage was not improved. Conversely, several studies have shown that if the DBA is combined with an LVR, a smaller gap formation in the dentin–restoration interface is observed,31,95–99 even if subjected to loading.95,100 A variant of IDS undertaken in the access cavity of teeth subjected to endodontic treatment (immediate endodontic sealing) has been shown to reduce coronal leakage, which is the major cause of failure.101 In a recent study, Ashy et al8 identified a better marginal adaptation immediately after cementation and a better internal adaptation after thermocycling, when IDS was applied, compared with that using the conventional method (DDS). However, there was no significant difference in marginal adaptation after thermocycling among the two techniques examined. Therefore, IDS seems to reduce microleakage, whereas a DBA combined with an LVR provides more predictable outcomes.

Hypersensitivity

During the provisional phase and after cementation of the final restoration, it is common for the patient to experience an unpleasant symptom characterized by a short, sharp pain upon thermal and chemical stimuli.102 Several factors can account for this effect: over-heating and dehydration during preparation, bacterial micro-leakage, or fluid movement through dentin tubules.21 Although dentin hypersensitivity usually resolves within 24 months,102 its persistence can overwhelm the patient and put the clinician’s reputation at risk. Hu and Zhu103 undertook a sensitivity assessment 1 week as well as 1, 6, 12 and 24 months after cementation of a three-unit full-coverage restoration on vital abutment teeth. They identified a significant improvement in patients to whom IDS was applied at 1 week and 1 month after cementation, whereas no differences between IDS and DDS groups were found at the end of 6, 12 and 24 months. Conversely, van der Breemer102 detected no difference among IDS and DDS, an anticipated result given the minimally invasive design used for partial ceramic restorations in their study. Hence, the amount of tooth tissue removed plays an important part in the degree of postoperative sensitivity.104 A distance of 0.5 mm from the pulp can cause a pulpal reaction in 60% of cases, whereas a similar situation occurs in 5% of teeth in which >1 mm of dentin has been preserved.105

Early sealing of dentin tubules provided by the IDS technique seems to reduce sensitivity during the provisional phase and after cementation. This is a promising strategy for enhancing comfort and treatment satisfaction.

Discussion

Systematic reviews showing a significant difference in terms of longevity between direct and indirect composite restorations are lacking.106,107 Nevertheless, indirect composite restorations are recommended in the case of endodontically treated teeth.108 Such restorations also overcome the problems related to polymerization shrinkage or inadequate curing, thereby providing better mechanical properties, occlusal morphology, and proximal contacts.2,109 Although these restorations constitute a large workload in everyday practice, clear protocols regarding the handling of prepared tissues and materials used to obtain optimum results are lacking. We reviewed the literature to provide clinically oriented answers to questions regarding crucial procedures related to each step of indirect restorations, from the preparation appointment until restoration delivery and maintenance.

Some types of indirect restorations interact entirely with enamel,110 whereas others demand more aggressive preparation that inevitably leads to dentin exposure.111 Knowledge of the anatomic and morphologic differences between these two tissues is fundamental to handle them appropriately. Enamel is mainly made of the mineral hydroxyapatite (which is crystalline calcium phosphate) and it contains virtually no water.112 Dentin has a higher percentage of organic matter and is perforated by dentinal tubules that contain odontoblasts and transmit thermal stimuli, pressure, and pain.113 Pulp and dentin are embryologically, histologically, and functionally identical tissue; this leads to the belief that they should not be studied as separate tissues but must be viewed as a pulp–dentin complex.114 Consequently, leaving dentin exposed is akin to an “open pathway” towards the pulp, which endangers tooth vitality because microorganisms can reach the pulp tissue if it is not sealed adequately.102 This assumption is supported by the findings of Sailer et al,115 who found that loss of vitality of an abutment tooth was the most frequent biologic complication for metal–ceramic crowns. This finding supports the use of a technique that seals dentin hermetically.

One could claim that application of an adhesive at the preparation appointment would diminish its bonding capacity at the final cementation appointment. However, studies have shown that teeth on which DDS is carried out demonstrate inferior bond strength,31,67,68,82,86,116–118 whereas IDS favors delayed restoration placement19 and provides bond strength and cuspal deflection similar to that observed in direct composite-restored teeth.9,69,119,120 Direct restorations yield higher bond strength in comparison with that using indirect restorations,121 so techniques such as IDS that enhance the bonding capacity of indirect procedures should be adopted. Moreover, IDS does not increase the number of clinical appointments but is incorporated in the necessary steps of an indirect restoration.

An aspect that should be clarified is the mechanism that defines composite-to-composite bond. Although one might assume that chemical bonding of free radicals is the main factor that determines the subsequent bond,122 other mechanisms play a more crucial role. Concentration of free radicals declines as the material ages and according to Anzlovar et al54 they play a minor role within 24 hours and they are completely eliminated after 2.5 days. Mechanisms such as micromechanical interlocking and interpretating network matrices (IPN) seem to play a major role.91,123,124 For the latter to be formed, monomers of the resin cement are diffused into the composite resin and polymerized, and it is the depth of this penetration that determines bond strength.91,124,125 Factors such as the increased polarity of the surface due to contact with water reduces the diffusion potential and this is why implementation of methods that remove a few microns of the composite layer should be applied.54

The literature recommends multiple coatings of a DBA and additional application of an LVR in the case of an unfilled adhesive system.57–59 Hence, another issue that requires further clarification is the impact of the thickness of the DBA film on appropriate seating and marginal adaptation of the restoration. The above-mentioned thickness varies depending on the topography of the tooth preparation,56,57 but it is captured with impression-taking and, therefore, the fit of the final restoration is not influenced.11 Addition of these coatings might raise concerns regarding different material interfaces. However, composite resins have a modulus of elasticity that is close to that of dental tissues,126 thereby eliminating the risk of nonuniform stress distribution if there is a vast difference between restorative materials.127 If a composite restoration instead of a ceramic restoration is chosen, this risk is reduced further.

Another concern regarding IDS pertains to interaction with impression materials. However, this matter will probably not concern future generations because intraoral scanning technologies have yielded results that are equal (or even superior) to those of conventional impression techniques.128 Currently, this technology is indicated in short-span restorations and represents a challenge regarding edentulous arches.129

Complete elimination of the provisional material is difficult. Hence, penetration of the adhesive monomers into dentin could prove to be inadequate.44 Occlusion of dentin tubules with interim materials has been identified, as has a subsequent reaction of zinc-oxide remnants with the acidic primer of some adhesive systems.130 Therefore, the early sealing of dentin tubules with a DBA could prevent their obstruction by interim residues, as well as the inhibition of adhesion-system polymerization due to eugenol diffusion from interim material into dentin.43 Removal of the provisional restoration endangers the integrity of tooth preparation, so it should be done with caution.35 Techniques that pursue spot bonding of the provisional material must evolve and be carried out for an optimum result. Nevertheless, novel digital technology/protocols tend to eliminate the need for provisional restorations. Silva et al131 proposed a technique in which digital design and three-dimensional-printed guides provide the opportunity for cementing restorations immediately after preparation completion.

IDS is a substantiated technique mainly according to many in vitro studies. Among the 88 studies included in this review, 64 are vitro studies and only 12 are clinical surveys. More clinical trials, preferably randomized ones (which are considered the “gold standard” for evaluation of interventions132) are needed to further support the efficacy of this technique and clarify certain aspects regarding it. Moreover, implementation of novel materials and techniques should be tested. A technique has been described where a fiber network has been incorporated in the IDS.70,133 The rationale behind this choice is that in case of a vertical crack, its propagation may be stopped by the fiber network. Fibers and their incorporation in dental restorations are a promising field and their use is growing in cases that demand cusp replacement to enhance the performance of conventional restorative composite resins in terms of fracture resistance.134,135

Conclusions

The IDS technique seems to be advantageous with regard to bond strength, gap formation, bacterial microleakage, and dentin hypersensitivity. However, issues arising from interaction with impression materials, the provisional phase, and conditioning methods before cementation require further investigation. There are no documented reasons preventing clinicians applying IDS in their everyday practice.

Disclosure

The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.

References

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