Spotlight on risankizumab and its potential in the treatment of plaque psoriasis: evidence to date

Introduction

Psoriasis is a common chronic immune-mediated skin disease, with systemic involvement and significant impact in patients’ quality of life,^1,2 with a prevalence ranging between 1.5% and 5.0% in most developed countries.²

Similar to several immune-mediated inflammatory disorders, psoriasis treatment has evolved immensely. Although conventional treatment is still useful, and sometimes enough for some patients, a great proportion of patients will need other treatment options, with expected better efficacy and, ultimately, an improvement in the quality of life. Over the past decades, our understanding of psoriasis pathogenesis has significantly expanded, allowing the development of highly specific agents, the so-called biologics.^3,4 Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) inhibitors were probably the first major advance in this regard, as significantly higher clinical responses were achieved.^5,6 However, some patients did not respond to such agents, motivating further investigation of additional and possibly more crucial targets. Later, ustekinumab, an IL-12/23 inhibitor that selectively targets the common p40 subunit of these cytokines, was developed and not only showed promising clinical responses^7,8 but also proved to be more effective than TNF-α inhibitors.⁹ Subsequently, as IL-17 was increasingly becoming a recognized key mediator in the pathogenesis of psoriasis, new drugs were developed targeting both IL-17 and its receptor (Figure 1).¹⁰ These agents have been approved to treat moderate to severe psoriasis^11–13 and have been shown to have better clinical responses than TNF-α inhibitors^14,15 and ustekinumab.^12,16,17 In fact, these agents introduced a paradigm shift in the management of psoriasis, where completely or almost completely clear skin has become the new therapeutic goal.¹⁸ However, there are some class safety concerns. IL-17 inhibitors are associated with higher risk of mucocutaneous candidiasis and neutropenia, reflecting the role of IL-17 in mucocutaneous protection against extracellular organisms such as Candida albicans and in the granulopoiesis, survival, and activation of neutrophils. Nevertheless, these adverse events (AEs) tend to be easily manageable and usually do not restrict the maintenance of therapy.^19,20

Figure 1 Summarized schematic differences between IL-12/23-p40, IL-23p19, and IL-17 blockade. Notes: IL-12/23p40 inhibitors, such as ustekinumab, block IL-12 and IL-23 common subunit p40, inhibiting both IL-23/Th17 and IL-12/Th1 pathways; IL-23p19 inhibitors, such as risankizumab, guselkumab, and tildrakizumab, selectively block the IL-23/T17 pathway, avoiding effects on the IL-12/Th1 axis; IL-17A inhibitors, such as secukinumab and ixekizumab, also target the IL-23/IL-17 axis, although through downstream blockade of this pathway. Abbreviations: DC, dendritic cell; INF-γ, interferon gamma; KC, keratinocyte; Th1 and Th17, T-helper cell 1 and 17; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor alpha.

Most recently, a new class of highly specific drugs is being studied for the treatment of psoriasis – IL-23 inhibitors. Risankizumab is a humanized IgG1 monoclonal antibody which selectively targets the unique p19 subunit of human IL-23.^21,22 Indeed, this agent seems to have a similar or higher efficacy than IL-17 inhibitors, without the safety concerns mentioned above.

This article aims to review the current knowledge on risankizumab for the treatment of psoriasis.

Advantages of selective IL-23 inhibition

Nowadays, it is widely accepted that IL-23/IL-17 axis has a crucial role in psoriasis, as in several other immune-mediated diseases.^23–29 In fact, IL-23 is an essential cytokine for the differentiation, maintenance, and activity of several immune cells, such as T-helper 17 (Th17) and Th22 cells, and is able to induce a self-amplificatory loop by promoting the expression of additional IL-23 receptors.^24,27–29 The first compound designed to modulate IL-23/IL-17 axis was ustekinumab – an inhibitor of p40 subunit which is shared by two cytokines, IL-23 and IL-12.³⁰ Although it proved to be effective,^7,8 evidence has suggested a more prominent role of IL-23, when comparing to IL-12. Indeed, a predisposition to psoriasis has been linked with genes of the IL-23/Th17 axis, but not with those of the IL-12/Th1 pathway.³¹ In addition, inhibition of IL-12 may have a negative effect in psoriasis.³² Using the imiquimod murine model, IL-12 has been shown to play a regulatory role by restraining the infiltration of IL-17A-producing γδT cells and inducting a protective transcriptional program in keratinocytes, thus limiting skin inflammation.³³ Furthermore, IL-12 has an anti-inflammatory effect through induction of expression of IL-10 by Th1 cells, in which interferon-γ is a key mediator.³⁴ Importantly, IL-12 has been implicated in the protection against bacterial and viral infections³⁵ and may play a role in tumor immune surveillance.^36,37

Risankizumab

Risankizumab is a humanized IgG1 monoclonal antibody which selectively targets the unique p19 subunit of human IL-23 without binding IL-12.^21,22

Pharmacokinetics

In a Phase I study,²¹ after a single intravenous dose of risankizumab, the geometric mean area under the curve (AUC)_0-inf ranged from 2.93 to 1,650 d×μg/mL, while maximum serum concentration ranged from 0.311 to 110 µg/mL, increasing proportionally with dose. Group mean clearance and terminal phase volume of distribution were 0.33 L/d and 10.8 L, respectively. Pharmacokinetic parameter variability was less than 50%. The half-life ranged from 20 to 28 days, while maximal exposures were reached between days 4 and 10. Subcutaneous bioavailability was 59% (ratio of AUC_0-inf after subcutaneous and intravenous administration). Additionally, investigators also stated that the exposure efficacy was comparable for intravenous and subcutaneous administrations, with maximum PASI responses achievement for doses of 0.25 mg/kg or greater.

A recent study estimated a clearance, steady-state volume of distribution, and terminal-phase elimination half-life to be ~0.35 L/day, 11.7 L, and 27 days, respectively, for a typical 90-kg subject with psoriasis with an albumin level of 42 g/L. Risankizumab absolute subcutaneous bioavailability and absorption rate constant were 72% and 0.18 day⁻¹, respectively. Interindividual variability for clearance was 37%.³⁸

Clinical efficacy in psoriasis

Phase I studies

The same Phase I study by Krueger et al also showed efficacy outcomes. At week 12, PASI 75 was achieved in 87%, PASI 90 in 58%, and PASI 100 in 16% of the patients, whereas none of the patients in the placebo group reached any of these clinical responses. At week 24, PASI 75 was achieved in 71%, PASI 90 in 48%, and PASI 100 in 29% of the patients, compared to 13% for PASI 75 and 0% for both PASI 90 and 100 in the placebo group. Additionally, for doses of 0.25 mg/kg or greater given intravenously or subcutaneously, PASI 75 was achieved in 84%, PASI 90 in 60%, and PASI 100 in 36%, while among patients receiving risankizumab subcutaneously, the corresponding PASI responses were 100%, 85%, and 54%, respectively. Interestingly, PASI improvements were observed as early as week 2. Regarding the Static Physician Global Assessment (sPGA) evaluation, results were consistent with PASI scores, as all patients getting risankizumab subcutaneously became “clear” or “almost clear” at weeks 12 and 24, compared to none of patients receiving placebo.²¹

Phase II studies

A Phase II, dose-ranging, multicenter, randomized trial by Papp et al included 166 patients with moderate to severe psoriasis and compared risankizumab with ustekinumab. Patients were randomized to receive risankizumab subcutaneously (18-mg single dose or 90- or 180-mg doses at weeks 0, 4, and 16) or ustekinumab (45 or 90 mg, according to body weight, at weeks 0, 4, and 16). The primary endpoint was a PASI 90 or greater response at week 12. Risankizumab was superior to ustekinumab, as 77% of the patients (90 and 180 mg pooled) achieved the primary endpoint, compared to 40% in ustekinumab-treated patients. Additionally, at week 12, 63%, 98%, and 88% of the patients achieved PASI 75 with 18-, 90-, and 180-mg doses of risankizumab, respectively, compared to 72% in ustekinumab-treated patients. With regard to PASI 100, responses of 14%, 41%, and 48% were observed in the 18-, 90-, and 180-mg risankizumab groups, respectively, compared to 18% in the ustekinumab group. sPGA scores of 0 or 1 were observed in 58%, 90%, and 88% of patients in the 18-, 90-, and 180-mg risankizumab groups, respectively, compared to 62% in the ustekinumab group. Furthermore, at week 24, the proportion of patients who achieved a PASI 75 response was 53%, 90%, and 88% for 18-, 90-, and 180-mg dosing regimens of risankizumab, respectively, compared with 70% in the ustekinumab group. Additionally, at week 24, PASI 90 responses were also assessed, with 28%, 63%, and 81% of risankizumab-treated patients (18, 90, and 180 mg, respectively), compared to 55% in the ustekinumab group. Interestingly, improvements in PASI score were observed as early as week 2. Clinical responses were generally maintained for up to 20 weeks after the final dose of risankizumab (week 36), in contrast to reduction in clinical responses observed in ustekinumab-treated patients from week 24. Also, complete clearing was maintained in 29% and 26% (90 and 180 mg, respectively) for up to 32 weeks after the final administration of risankizumab, whereas no patients had complete clearing at 48 weeks in the ustekinumab group. At week 12, 72% of patients treated with 90 or 180 mg of risankizumab achieved a Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI) score of 0 or 1, compared to 53% in the ustekinumab group. Moreover, the percentages of patients with DLQI score of 0 or 1 were correlated with decreases in PASI and sPGA scores (Table 1).²²

Table 1 Summary of key results from clinical trials of risankizumab Note: Nonresponder imputation was used to assess binary endpoints missing data. Abbreviation: NA, not applicable.

In this study, investigators also assessed scalp, fingernail, and palmoplantar disease. At week 12, a mean reduction in the Psoriasis Scalp Severity Index of 90% and 94% (for 90- and 180-mg risankizumab groups, respectively) were observed and sustained over time, compared to 82% in the ustekinumab group, with a nonsustained response over time. Although fingernail responses were slower, a mean reduction in the Nail Psoriasis Severity Index (NAPSI) score of 40% was observed at week 12 (for both 90- and 180-mg risankizumab groups), increasing to 61% and 73% for 90- and 180-mg groups, respectively, at week 48, compared to 18% decrease in NAPSI score in the ustekinumab group.²²

Finally, skin biopsy samples were obtained from 60 patients. Of which, 54% and 69% of the patients in the 90- and 180-mg risankizumab groups, respectively, had global histopathologic assessment graded as “excellent improvement,” compared to 29% in the ustekinumab group. In addition, patients treated with risankizumab, but not with ustekinumab, also had decreased expression of IL-23/IL-17 axis-related genes.²²

Phase III studies

Recently, two Phase III studies have been published – UltIMMa-1 and UltIMMa-2 – and assessed the efficacy and safety of risankizumab compared to placebo or ustekinumab in patients with moderate to severe plaque psoriasis.³⁹ These two studies were replicate Phase III multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, and active comparator-controlled trials. Patients were randomly assigned (3:1:1; 506 in UltIMMa-1 and 491 in UltIMMa-2) to receive risankizumab, ustekinumab, or placebo, and randomization was stratified by weight (≤100 kg vs >100 kg) and previous exposure to TNF inhibitor (yes vs no). In part A of the studies (16-week treatment period), patients received either 150 mg risankizumab, ustekinumab based on weight per label (45 mg for patients with body weight ≤100 kg or 90 mg for patients with body weight >100 kg), or placebo subcutaneously at weeks 0 and 4. In part B (weeks 16–52), patients originally allocated to placebo were switched to 150 mg risankizumab at week 16; during this phase, patients received the study drug subcutaneously at weeks 16, 28, and 40. Efficacy outcomes were assessed at weeks 4, 8, 12, 16, 22, 28, 34, 40, 46, and 52, and safety was evaluated throughout the study. The co-primary endpoints were the proportions of patients achieving PASI 90 and sPGA 0 or 1 at week 16.³⁹

In both studies, significantly greater proportions of patients receiving risankizumab achieved PASI 90 and sPGA 0 or 1 at week 16 (P<0.0001 vs placebo). At week 16, PASI 90 was achieved by 75.3% of patients receiving risankizumab compared to 42.0% receiving ustekinumab and 4.9% receiving placebo in UltIMMa-1, and by 74.8% of patients receiving risankizumab compared to 47.5% receiving ustekinumab and 2.0% receiving placebo in UltIMMa-2 (P<0.0001 vs placebo and ustekinumab for both studies). sPGA 0 or 1 was achieved by 87.8% of risankizumab-treated patients compared to 63.0% of ustekinumab-treated patients and 7.8% of placebo-treated patients in UltIMMa-1, and by 83.7% risankizumab-treated patients compared to 61.6% of ustekinumab-treated patients and 5.1% of placebo-treated patients in UltIMMa-2 (P<0.0001 vs placebo and ustekinumab for both studies).³⁹

With regard to complete clearance of psoriatic lesions, PASI 100 was achieved by 35.9% of risankizumab-treated patients compared to 12.0% of ustekinumab-treated patients and none of placebo-treated patients in UltIMMa-1, and by 50.7% of patients receiving risankizumab compared to 24.2% of patients receiving ustekinumab and 2.0% of patients receiving placebo in UltIMMa-2 (P<0.0001 vs placebo and ustekinumab for both studies). Furthermore, sPGA 0 was achieved by 36.8% of risankizumab-treated patients compared to 14.0% of ustekinumab-treated patients and 2.0% placebo-treated patients in UltIMMa-1, and by 51.0% of patients receiving risankizumab compared to 25.3% of patients receiving ustekinumab and 3.1% of patients receiving placebo in UltIMMa-2 (P<0.0001 vs placebo and ustekinumab for both studies).³⁹

Interestingly, significantly higher PASI 90 responses were observed starting at week 4 in patients receiving risankizumab compared to placebo (UltIMMa-1: P=0.0001; UltIMMa-2: P<0.0001), and at week 8 compared to ustekinumab (UltIMMa-1 and UltIMMa-2: P<0.0001). With regard to sPGA, significantly higher proportions of patients treated with risankizumab achieved sPGA 0 or 1, starting at week 4, compared to ustekinumab (UltIMMa-1: P=0.0047; UltIMMa-2: P=0.0129) and placebo (UltIMMa-1 and UltIMMa-2: P<0.0001). Also, significantly greater proportions of risankizumab-treated patients achieved PASI 75 responses at weeks 12 and 16 compared to ustekinumab (UltIMMa-1: week 12, P=0.0005; week 16, P=0.0034; UltIMMa-2: P<0.0001) and placebo (P<0.0001).³⁹

Additionally, with regard to patient-reported outcomes, the proportion of risankizumab-treated patients who achieved DLQI 0 or 1 and Psoriasis Symptom Scale (PSS) 0 at week 16 was significantly higher compared to both ustekinumab and placebo groups. In UltIMMa-1, 65.8% of patients receiving risankizumab achieved DLQI 0 or 1 compared to ustekinumab (43.0%; P<0.0001) and placebo (7.8%; P<0.0001); in UltIMMa-2, DLQI 0 or 1 was achieved by 66.7% of patients receiving risankizumab compared to 46.5% of those receiving ustekinumab (P=0.0004) and 4.1% of those receiving placebo (P<0.0001). With regard to PSS, at week 16, PSS 0 was achieved by 29.3% of patients receiving risankizumab compared to 15.0% of those receiving ustekinumab (P=0.0010) and 2.0% of those receiving placebo (P<0.0001) in UltIMMa-1, and by 31.3% of risankizumab-treated patients compared to 15.2% of ustekinumab-treated patients (P=0.0003) and none of placebo-treated patients (P<0.0001) in UltIMMa-2.³⁹

After week 16, the proportions of patients achieving PASI and sPGA responses continued to increase in patients initially assigned to risankizumab. At week 52, PASI 90 was achieved by 81.9% of patients on continuous risankizumab compared to the ustekinumab group (44.0%) in UltIMMa-1, and by 80.6% of patients on continuous risankizumab compared to the ustekinumab group (50.5%) in UltIMMa-2 (P<0.0001 vs ustekinumab for both studies). At week 52, PASI 100 was achieved by 56.3% of patients on continuous risankizumab compared to the ustekinumab group (21.0%) in UltIMMa-1, and by 59.5% of patients on continuous risankizumab compared to the ustekinumab group (30.3%) in UltIMMa-2 (P<0.0001 for both studies). sPGA 0 at week 52 was achieved by 57.6% of patients on continuous risankizumab compared to the ustekinumab group (21.0%) in UltIMMa-1, and by 59.5% of patients on continuous risankizumab compared to the ustekinumab group (30.3%) in UltIMMa-2 (P<0.0001 for both studies). Patients initially assigned to placebo switching to risankizumab at week 16 had similar response rates for PASI, sPGA, DLQI, and PSS at week 52 than those initially assigned to risankizumab. Finally, among patients who achieved PASI 90 at week 16 in both studies, a significantly higher proportion of patients continuing risankizumab maintained PASI 90 response through week 52 compared to the ustekinumab group. At week 52, 88.4% of patients on continuous risankizumab maintained PASI 90 response compared to 73.3% of patients on ustekinumab (P=0.0009) (Table 1).³⁹

The final results of other Phase III studies are awaited, comparing risankizumab to adalimumab (IMMvent study), secukinumab (NCT03478787), methotrexate (NCT03219437), and dimethyl fumarate (NCT03255382); assessing the safety and efficacy of risankizumab compared to placebo with withdrawal and retreatment (IMMhance study, NCT02672852); and assessing the safety and efficacy of risankizumab for maintenance in moderate to severe psoriasis (LIMMITLESS study, NCT03047395).

Recently, preliminary data from IMMvent (NCT02694523) were presented. This was a Phase III randomized, double-blind, active-controlled study evaluating the efficacy and safety of risankizumab compared with adalimumab in adult patients with moderate to severe plaque psoriasis. Patients were randomized 1:1 to receive 150 mg risankizumab (weeks 0, 4, 16, and 28) or adalimumab (80 mg at week 0, 40 mg every other week from week 1). Adalimumab-treated patients achieving PASI 50 to < PASI 90 at week 16 were rerandomized 1:1 to either continue adalimumab or switch to risankizumab (weeks 16, 20, and 32). At week 16, risankizumab-treated patients achieved significantly higher PASI 75 (90.7% vs 71.7%), PASI 90 (72.4% vs 47.4%), PASI 100 (39.9% vs 23.0%), and sPGA 0/1 (83.7% vs 60.2%) response rates compared with adalimumab-treated patients. Additionally, among adalimumab-treated patients with PASI 50 to < PASI 90 responses at week 16, a significantly higher proportion of patients switching to risankizumab achieved PASI 90 (66.0% vs 21.4%) and PASI 100 (39.6% vs 7.1%) responses at week 44 compared with patients continuing on adalimumab. Also, PASI 90 and PASI 100 responses were significantly higher in patients receiving risankizumab starting at week 8 compared with adalimumab. Finally, among adalimumab-treated patients achieving PASI 50 to < PASI 90 at week 16, PASI 90 and PASI 100 responses were significantly higher in patients switching to risankizumab, starting at week 20, compared with patients continuing on adalimumab.⁴⁰

Interestingly, a recently presented integrated analysis from Phase III studies UltIMMa-1, UltIMMa-2, and IMMhance revealed that the treatment with risankizumab was associated with superior efficacy compared with placebo regardless of psoriasis treatment history, including prior biologic failure.⁴¹

Safety and tolerability

The Phase I study by Krueger et al reported similar rates (65%) of side effects in both treatment and placebo groups. The most common AEs were mild to moderate nasopharyngitis, mild to moderate upper respiratory infections, and mild to moderate headache. Importantly, none of the serious adverse events (SAEs) verified were considered related to risankizumab treatment by investigators.²¹

The Phase II by Papp et al reported AE rates of 81%, 80%, and 69% for the 18-mg, 90-mg, and 180-mg risankizumab groups, respectively, and 72% for the ustekinumab group. The most common AE in all groups was nasopharyngitis. In the 18-mg, 90-mg, and 180-mg risankizumab groups, 5 (12%), 6 (15%), and 0 patient, respectively, had SAEs, including two patients with basal cell carcinoma, one patient with myocardial infarction, and one patient who had a cerebrovascular accident on the day after elective surgery for preexisting cerebral aneurysm.²²

In the Phase III studies UltIMMa-1 and UltIMMa-2, the AE rates were similar between groups throughout the study duration in both studies. The most frequent AEs in part A in both studies were viral upper respiratory tract infection, upper respiratory tract infection, psoriasis, and diarrhea.³⁹ In part A of UltIMMa-1, AEs occurred in 49.7% of the patients on risankizumab, 50.0% on ustekinumab, and 51.0% on placebo, and in part A of UltIMMa-2, AEs occurred in 45.6% of the patients on risankizumab, 53.5% on ustekinumab, and 45.9% on placebo. SAEs were reported in 2.3% of risankizumab-treated patients, 8.0% of ustekinumab-treated patients, and 2.9% of placebo-treated patients in UltIMMa-1, and in 2.0% of risankizumab-treated patients, 3.0% of ustekinumab-treated patients, and 1.0% of placebo-treated patients in UltIMMa-2. Serious infections occurred in 0.3% in the risankizumab group and 3.0% in the ustekinumab group in UltIMMa-1, and in 1.0% in both risankizumab and ustekinumab groups in UltIMMa-2. In part B, the most frequent AEs were viral upper respiratory tract infection, upper respiratory tract infection, urinary tract infection, influenza, and headache in both studies. In part B of UltIMMa-1, AEs occurred in 61.3% of the patients continuing on risankizumab, 66.7% on ustekinumab, and 67.0% of the patients switching from placebo to risankizumab, while in part B of UltIMMa-2, AEs occurred in 55.7% of the patients continuing on risankizumab, 74.5% on ustekinumab, and 64.9% of the patients continuing on risankizumab. SAEs were reported in 5.4% of risankizumab-treated patients, 4.0% of ustekinumab-treated patients, and 3.1% of the patients continuing on risankizumab in UltIMMa-1, and in 4.5% of risankizumab-treated patients, 4.3% of ustekinumab-treated patients, and 3.2% of the patients continuing on risankizumab in UltIMMa-2. During part B, serious infections occurred in 0.7% of the patients on risankizumab in both UltIMMa-1 and UltIMMa-2, and in 1.0% of the patients switching from placebo to risankizumab and ustekinumab in UltIMMa-2. In part A, malignancy was reported in two patients on risankizumab (squamous cell carcinoma in UltIMMa-1; basal cell carcinoma in UltIMMa-2) and in one patient in the placebo group (squamous cell carcinoma in UltIMMa-1). Of note, there were no events of tuberculosis, opportunistic infections, major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs), or serious hypersensitivity across both studies. During part B, two cases of latent tuberculosis were reported in the risankizumab treatment group. Through week 52, two patients on risankizumab had MACEs, including one patient with cardiovascular death and one patient with type 1 myocardial infarction. Malignancy was reported in one patient on continuous risankizumab (basal cell carcinoma in UltIMMa-2), in one patient on ustekinumab (prostate cancer in UltIMMa-2), and in two patients switching from placebo to risankizumab (one patient with both basal cell and squamous cell carcinoma in UltIMMa-1; one patient with breast cancer in UltIMMa-2).³⁹

Immunogenicity

Krueger et al reported anti-drug antibodies in 15% of the patients, although no association with loss of efficacy was noted.²¹ A similar incidence was reported by Papp et al (14% of patients); in most patients antibodies were transient and with low titers, or both; also, three patients had neutralizing anti-drug antibodies.²²

Discussion

The IL-23/IL-17 axis is currently considered to be essential in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. Laboratory studies have identified this axis as the primary signaling pathway leading to characteristic molecular, cellular, and structural changes in psoriatic skin.^3,29,42,43 The critical importance of the IL-23/T17 axis in psoriasis is highlighted by the high efficacy and rapid onset of action seen with IL-17 antagonists and most recently with IL-23 antagonists.²⁹ However, anti-IL-23 agents may provide equal or higher clinical efficacy of anti-IL-17 agents, without the AEs of the latter, namely mucocutaneous candidiasis and neutropenia.^19,20

After the recent approval of guselkumab for the treatment of moderate to severe plaque psoriasis,⁴⁴ risankizumab may be the next agent in the class to enter the market after showing excellent results in Phase II and Phase III trials in comparison to both placebo and ustekinumab,^22,39 a standard of treatment for most psoriatic patients under biological treatment, while offering a similar every 12-week maintenance dosing regimen as ustekinumab, known for its high convenience of use. Additionally, risankizumab has shown response rates significantly higher than those seen with TNF-α⁴⁵ and numerically superior than those of IL-17 inhibitors.^46,47

The selective inhibition of IL-23 may present several advantages compared to the inhibition of p40 subunit shared by IL-23 and IL-12 and even a downstream inhibition of IL-17 or its receptor. Early clinical studies showed relatively long-term treatment responses in some patients with just a single doses of IL-23p19 inhibition.^21,48 The explanation behind this impressive clinical response may rely in part by promoting transdifferentiation of Th17 cells into regulatory T cell or Th1 populations.^49,50 Also, risankizumab maintained high FoxP3 mRNA levels in posttreatment lesional skin, indicating that it may increase regulatory T-cell levels or function in resolved psoriatic lesions.²¹ Other cytokines may similarly be affected with the inhibition of p19 subunit, besides IL-23, such as IL-39, a recently discovered proinflammatory cytokine likely expressed in psoriatic skin.^43,51 Additionally, blockade of IL-23 through the inhibition of the p19 subunit would also allow IL-12 and IL-Y to maintain their beneficial anti-inflammatory effects on T17-centered inflammation in the skin.⁴³ Indeed, IL-12 has limited to no role in psoriasis and its inhibition may have a negative effect in psoriasis, as IL-12 has been shown to play a regulatory role by preventing the infiltration of IL-17A-producing γδT-cells, therefore limiting skin inflammation.³³ Notably, IL-12 has been implicated in the protection against intracellular pathogens^5,35,52 and may play a role in tumor immune surveillance.^36,37

Overall, risankizumab showed a similar safety and tolerability profile compared to ustekinumab and placebo.^22,39 Two major MACEs were reported in the risankizumab treatment group of UltIMMa-2, but both patients had several cardiovascular risk factors and the events were not considered to be related to the study drug.³⁹ Additionally, although MACEs have been associated with the use of anti-IL-12/23p40 agents (ustekinumab and briakinumab) in patients with psoriasis, the 5-year long-term safety data of ustekinumab and the Psoriasis Longitudinal Assessment and Registry (PSOLAR) data have shown neither increase nor decrease in the rate of MACEs over time,^53,54 and so far there seems to be no increased risk of MACEs with risankizumab. Nevertheless, future studies with more patients and longer follow-up periods will help establish a more complete safety profile.

Multiple studies comparing risankizumab to adalimumab or secukinumab are ongoing, not only in psoriasis but also in Crohn’s disease (NCT03105102, NCT03105128, NCT03104413, NCT02513459) and psoriatic arthritis (NCT02719171, NCT02986373, NCT03671148, NCT03675308). In fact, promising preliminary results were observed regarding the use of risankizumab in Crohn’s disease.^55–57

Altogether, psoriasis, once a difficult-to-treat disease, represents now a success in terms of clinical efficacy due to the highly specific treatments we have nowadays. In fact, the high efficacy of these novel agents has established very high primary study end points used in clinical trials, as PASI 90 is now regarded as the new treatment standard,^3,18,29 and in some patients, long-term remission of psoriasis activity may be a possibility. However, some psoriatic patients do not improve or just respond partially with IL-17 or IL-23 blockade, highlighting the complexity of the disease and motivating further investigation to fully understand what is behind the skin of our patients.

Conclusion

Risankizumab is a monoclonal antibody that selectively targets IL-23, offering remarkable rates of complete or near complete clearance of skin disease, along with a good safety profile so far and an excellent dosing regimen. Data from clinical trials comparing risankizumab with other IL-23 and IL-17 inhibitors will be essential to establish the value of risankizumab in the treatment of psoriasis.

Disclosure

Álvaro Machado has no conflicts of interest in this work. Tiago Torres has participated in clinical trials sponsored by AbbVie, Amgen, Boehringer Ingelheim, and Novartis and has received honoraria for acting as a consultant and/or as a speaker at events sponsored by AbbVie, Amgen, Boehringer Ingelheim, Biogen, Celgene, Janssen, Leo-Pharma, Eli Lilly, MSD, Novartis, Pfizer, Samsung.

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