The Effect of Opioid-Free Anesthesia with Esketamine on Postoperative Cognitive Dysfunction in Elderly Patients Undergoing Thoracoscopic Surgery: A Prospective, Randomized, Controlled Trial

Zhan Y, Liu Z, Meng S, Luo M, Huang Z, Wang L

Drug Design, Development and Therapy 2025, 19:11227-11244

Published Date: 16 December 2025