Systematic review of the association between exercise tests and patient-reported outcomes in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Introduction

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a leading cause of death worldwide. The prevalence of the disease is projected to increase as the population ages and as exposure to risk factors, such as smoking, continues.^1–3 COPD is characterized by breathlessness, episodes of exacerbations, and reduced exercise capacity.⁴ Decreased exercise capacity can result in reduced ability to perform the activities of daily living, and the resultant inactivity and sedentary lifestyle can further exacerbate exercise-capacity impairment.^5,6

In clinical practice, spirometry is recommended by the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) for the diagnosis of COPD.⁴ However, spirometry is a poor predictor of disability and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in patients with COPD,⁷ and correlates weakly with dyspnea, exercise capacity, and health status.^8–10 Functional evaluations, such as exercise tests, are thus recommended in addition to spirometry. However, there is currently no single standard test for the assessment of exercise capacity. Field-based tests routinely used to measure exercise capacity include the 6-minute walk test (6MWT),¹¹ 12MWT,¹² incremental shuttle walk test (ISWT),¹³ and endurance SWT (ESWT).¹⁴ Laboratory-based assessments allow the researcher to monitor several concomitant physiological variables, such as heart rate, workload performed, and oxygen consumption. Such tests include the incremental cycle ergometer test (ICET), endurance CET (ECET), and treadmill test (TT). It has been demonstrated that COPD and its consequent limitation of daily activity affect the HRQoL of patients.¹⁵ Exercise tests are designed to reflect a patient’s exercise capacity, but how accurately they reflect patients’ HRQoL as assessed by patient-reported outcomes (PROs) of HRQoL and breathlessness in individuals with COPD is unclear. While there have been studies in which exercise tests have been included in the validation of new PRO instruments,^16,17 it has elsewhere been reported that improvements in exercise capacity elicited by rehabilitation do not necessarily correlate with HRQoL PROs in patients with COPD.¹⁸

Several questions remain regarding the associations between exercise tests and PROs. Which PROs are independent of exercise and which are not? Which, if any, PROs accurately and consistently reflect the ability of a patient with COPD to perform exercise? The purpose of this systematic review was to assess the strength of the available evidence supporting correlations between the outcomes of different exercise tests and the PROs most commonly used to assess HRQoL and breathlessness.

Materials and methods

Search strategy

Literature searches were conducted using Ovid, incorporating MedLine (1948 to January 22, 2013, then updated to include articles from July 23, 2012 to September 13, 2016), Embase (1974 to January 22, 2013 and July 23, 2012 to September 13, 2016), and the Cochrane Library (to January 22, 2013 and July 23, 2012 to September 12, 2016). Search strings were constructed to identify study publications (including those specific to emphysema and bronchitis) reporting primary data on the outcomes of the following exercise tests in patients with COPD: 6MWT, 12MWT, ISWT, ESWT, ICET, ECET, and TT. The full search strings used have been published previously.¹⁹

Study selection

Study selection followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines for performing a systematic literature review.²⁰ Publications were initially screened based on titles and abstracts, and full articles were reviewed when their relevance was unclear from the abstract. Publications were excluded if they were review articles, not in English, studied patients with confounding comorbidities (eg, cancers or diabetes), unclear on the precise variables used for regression analysis, or examined an inappropriate intervention (eg, nonbronchodilatory pharmacotherapy or homeopathy). Articles were subsequently included for assessment only if they reported data on the correlations (Pearson’s r and/or Spearman’s ρ) between any of the prespecified exercise tests and PRO measures, such as the St George’s Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ)¹⁷ total and individual domain scores (while the former is the usual means of reporting SGRQ data, significant correlations may exist within individual domains alone), the 36-item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36),²¹ the five-domain European QoL questionnaire (EQ-5D),^22,23 the Chronic Respiratory Disease Questionnaire (CRQ),²⁴ the baseline dyspnea index (BDI),²⁵ the oxygen-cost diagram (OCD),²⁶ the Medical Research Council dyspnea scale (MRC),²⁷ and the modified MRC dyspnea scale (mMRC).²⁸ MRC and mMRC correlations were reported in combination, given that they report the same scale on different intervals.

Exercise tests and PRO measures

Exercise tests and respiratory-related PRO measures

The SGRQ is a disease-specific, self-administered questionnaire assessing symptoms, activity, and impacts on health status in COPD and asthma. Lower scores are associated with improved health status.²⁹ The CRQ is a comprehensive HRQoL questionnaire specific for individuals with COPD that assesses dyspnea, fatigue, emotional function, and mastery (the feeling of control over the disease and its effects). Each component is scored using a 7-point Likert scale, which can be combined to produce a total score of 20–140, with higher scores indicating improvement.²⁴ The BDI questionnaire assesses the severity of dyspnea based on the three components of functional impairment, magnitude of task, and magnitude of effort, which are rated from 0 (very severe) to 4 (no impairment). These scores can be combined to produce a focal score of 0–12, with higher scores indicating improved health status.²⁵ The OCD assesses dyspnea and measures the oxygen requirement of different activity levels. It is scored from 0 to 100 mm, with higher scores indicating greater improvement.²⁶ The MRC is a simple questionnaire that evaluates the effect of breathlessness on daily activities by grading patients’ perceptions of breathlessness from 1 to 5, with lower grades indicating less breathlessness and improved health status.³⁰ The mMRC is a 5-point version of this questionnaire.³¹

Exercise tests and non-disease-specific PRO measures

The SF-36 is a generic questionnaire of 36 items, which assesses physical functioning, social functioning, role limitations (physical), role limitations (emotional), emotional well-being, mental health, energy and vitality, pain, general health perceptions, and current general health perceptions compared with the previous year to determine the general health status of a patient. Higher scores indicate better health status.³² The EQ-5D is another measure that assesses HRQoL across the five dimensions of mobility, self-care, usual activities, pain/discomfort and anxiety/depression. Each dimension is scored from 1 (no problem) to 3 (severe problem). The test also includes a visual analog scale to measure general HRQoL from 0 to 100, with 100 representing the best health condition.²²

Inclusion/exclusion criteria and data abstraction

Owing to a lack of high-quality evidence for associations between these tests and the prespecified PRO measures, we included observational studies in our final analysis in addition to randomized controlled trials. In our literature search, we reviewed articles to identify those presenting Pearson’s and/or Spearman’s correlations between our stated PRO measures and the most commonly reported exercise test outcomes. Studies reporting lung-function variables only as a percentage of age-, sex-, and body-mass index-predicted values were excluded. Publications involving studies assessing multivariate regressions were also excluded, owing to the multifactorial nature of the statistical approach and the unsuitability of the output for aggregation.

Data were primarily abstracted by a single reviewer. A randomly generated selection of 30% of all articles was reviewed by a second reviewer in both phases for quality-control purposes. The following outcomes of exercise tests were recorded: distance or stages achieved for the 6MWT, 12MWT, and ISWT, duration of exercise for the ESWT and ECET, and the highest recorded volume of oxygen consumption (peak VO₂) and maximum workload (W_max) for the TT and ICET.

Statistical analysis

Pearson’s and Spearman’s correlations between PRO scores and the most commonly reported exercise test outcomes are presented. Pearson’s correlations are often used to describe the linear association between two variables when comparing continuous variable data. Spearman’s correlations are commonly used to describe the linear association between two sets of ranked (ordinal) data. Correlations are presented as the range of significant values reported in the study publications reviewed. The strength of correlations has been classified according to British Medical Journal guidelines, which regard significant correlation coefficients of 0–0.19 as very weak, 0.2–0.39 as weak, 0.4–0.59 as moderate, 0.6–0.79 as strong, and 0.8–1 as very strong.³³

Results

Overview of identified studies

The PRISMA-compliant search methodology used to identify relevant articles is summarized in Figure 1. Of 3,205 articles screened, 28 were ultimately deemed eligible for inclusion in this review.^34–61 Table 1 provides a summary of the studies included.

Figure 1 PRISMA-compliant screening and identification process. Abbreviation: PRISMA, Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses.

Table 1 Summary of studies included Note: Values presented are mean ± standard deviation unless otherwise stated. Abbreviations: ATD, antitrypsin deficiency; ATS, American Thoracic Society; BMI, body-mass index; BODE, BMI, airflow obstruction, dyspnea and exercise-capacity index; ERS, European Respiratory Society; FEV1, forced expiratory volume in 1 second; FVC, forced vital capacity; GOLD, Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease; HRQoL, health-related quality of life; ISWT, incremental shuttle walk tests; IQR, interquartile range; IVC, inspiratory slow vital capacity; LVRS, lung volume-reduction surgery; 6MWT, six-minute walk test; MI, myocardial infarction; ND, not described; QoL, quality of life; PAD, peripheral arterial disease; PaO2, partial pressure of arterial oxygen; PR, pulmonary rehabilitation; RER, respiratory exchange ratio; RV, residual volume; SGRQ, St George’s Respiratory Questionnaire; SpO2, arterial oxygen saturation; TLC, total lung capacity; VC, vital capacity.

Correlations between exercise test outcomes and patient-reported quality of life-measure outcomes

St George’s Respiratory Questionnaire total score

In total, 13 study publications reported correlations between the SGRQ total score (SGRQ_total) and one or more exercise test outcomes (Table 2, Figure 2).^{37,41–43,45,46,49,50,52,53,55,59,60} Of these, correlations between outcomes from the SGRQ_total and distance covered in the 6MWT were most commonly reported. These correlations were typically significant, with six articles reporting weak negative Pearson’s correlations of −0.26,³⁷ −0.26 (P<0.01),⁵⁹ −0.37 (P<0.05),⁴¹ −0.37 (P=0.0228),⁴⁹ −0.39 (P<0.01),⁵³ and −0.39 (P=0.01),⁶⁰ demonstrating that as distance covered in the 6MWT increases, SGRQ_total scores decrease, indicating better health status. There were also two studies reporting Spearman’s correlations of −0.27⁴² (JP de Torres confirmed this was incorrectly reported as 0.27 in the article) and −0.56.⁵⁰ Three papers noted nonsignificant associations between the 6MWT and SGRQ_total.^46,52,55 Limited data were available for other exercise tests, with moderate correlations given for the ISWT (r=−0.55⁴⁵, ρ=−0.55⁴³), weak–moderate correlations for the ICET (r=−0.29 to −0.23,^37,41 ρ=−0.49 to −0.36,⁵⁰ depending on the outcome measure obtained [VO₂ or W_max]), and moderate Spearman’s correlations (ρ=−0.54⁵⁰ and −0.58⁴³) for the ECET and TT, respectively.

Table 2 Correlations between exercise test outcomes and selected quality-of-life PRO measures Notes: aNot stipulated whether r or ρ; bincorrectly reported as 0.267 in the citation (JP de Torres confirmed via email that −0.267 was the correct correlation coefficient, which has been reported to two decimal places here). Shaded areas indicate that no data were found for the relevant association. Abbreviations: 6MWT, 6-minute walk test; 12MWT, 12-minute walk test; Corr, correlation; CRQ, Chronic Respiratory Disease Questionnaire; ECET, endurance cycle ergometer test; ESWT, endurance shuttle walk test; ICET, incremental cycle ergometer test; ISWT, incremental shuttle walk test; NS, no significance (reported); VO2, oxygen consumption; PRO, patient-reported outcome; SF-36, 36-item Short-Form Health Survey; SGRQ, St George’s Respiratory Questionnaire; t, time; TT, treadmill test; Wmax, highest workload achieved.

Figure 2 Pearson’s correlations in studies reporting significant associations between exercise test outcomes and SGRQtotal. Notes: Numbers in parentheses refer to studies reporting significant correlations/total number of studies reporting Pearson’s correlations. Negative correlations indicate reduced SGRQtotal scores with improvements in exercise test performance. Lower SGRQ scores indicate improved health status. Abbreviations: 6MWT, 6-minute walk test; 12MWT, 12-minute walk test; ECET, endurance cycle ergometer test; ESWT, endurance shuttle walk test; ICET, incremental cycle ergometer test; ISWT, incremental shuttle walk test; peak VO2, peak rate of oxygen consumption; SGRQtotal, St George’s Respiratory Questionnaire total score; TT, treadmill test; Wmax, highest workload achieved.

St George’s Respiratory Questionnaire activity domain

Correlations between exercise test outcomes and the SGRQ activity domain score (SGRQ_activity) were reported in nine study publications (Table 2).^{37,43,45,46,50,53,55,59,60} Of these, four articles noted significant weak–strong negative correlations between 6MWT distance and SGRQ_activity (r=−0.35,³⁷ −0.36⁵³ [weak], and −0.44⁶⁰ [moderate]; ρ=−0.68⁵⁰ and an unspecified correlation of −0.37⁴⁶). Two further studies found strong correlations between SGRQ_activity and ISWT outcome (r=−0.67⁴⁵ and ρ=−0.62⁴³), with two more finding no significant association for this relationship.^55,59 One study⁵⁰ reported moderate correlations between SGRQ_activity and ICET peak VO₂ (ρ=−0.51) and strong correlations between SGRQ_activity and ICET W_max (ρ=−0.62) and ECET (ρ=−0.62), with a weak correlation for the ICET W_max found in one other study (r=−0.31).³⁷ Finally, one publication reported moderate correlations between TT peak VO₂ and SGRQ_activity (ρ=−0.58).⁴³ Again, these negative correlations suggest that as exercise performance increases, SGRQ_activity scores decrease, indicating improved health status.

St George’s Respiratory Questionnaire impact domain

Correlations between exercise test outcomes and the SGRQ impact domain score (SGRQ_impact) were reported in nine articles (Table 2).^{37,43,45,46,50,53,55,59,60} Five studies found weak–moderate correlations between the SGRQ_impact and the 6MWT (r=−0.22, −0.28, −0.37,^37,53,59 and 0.4;⁶⁰ ρ=−0.5⁵⁵), two found moderate evidence for an association between the SGRQ_impact and the ISWT (r=−0.53⁴⁵ and ρ=−0.48⁴³), and there was moderate evidence for an association between the SGRQ_impact and the ECET (ρ=−0.50)⁵⁰ or TT (ρ=−0.54).⁴³ A further study found a weak correlation between the SGRQ_impact and the ICET W_max (r=−0.20).³⁷

St George’s Respiratory Questionnaire symptom domain

Very limited data were found concerning associations between the SGRQ symptom domain score (SGRQ_symptom) and exercise test outcomes (Table 2). Five studies^{46,50,53,55,60} of seven^{37,46,50,53,55,59,60} assessing the association between SGRQ_symptom and 6MWT distance reported nonsignificant relationships. In the two studies that reported significant correlations between SGRQ_symptom and 6MWT, very weak negative (−0.03)³⁷ and weak negative (−0.35)⁵⁹ correlations were found. Two studies^45,55 of three^43,45,55 examining ISWT found no correlation with SGRQ_symptom. One article reported weak (ρ=−0.34) and moderate (ρ=−0.44) correlations between the SGRQ_symptom and the ISWT and TT, respectively.⁴³

St George’s Respiratory Questionnaire for COPD

One study publication reported on the relationship between the 6MWT and the disease-specific SGRQ for COPD (SGRQ-c); however, this study examined risk factors, and reported only that worse (higher) SGRQ-c scores were an independent predictor of lower 6MWT distances.⁶²

Other quality-of-life instruments

Too few publications reporting associations between exercise test outcomes and the SF-36, CRQ, or EQ-5D PROs were found to enable any meaningful assessment of their relationships.

Correlations between exercise test outcomes and self-reported breathlessness

Associations between the BDI and exercise test outcomes were reported for six studies (Table 3; Figure 3).^{36,44,48,52,55,56} Four articles noted an association between the 6MWT and BDI score: three publications reported moderate–very strong Pearson’s correlations (r=0.47–0.86),^44,48,56 with another reporting a moderate Spearman’s correlation (ρ=0.49).⁵⁵ Only one study assessing this relationship found no significant correlation.⁵² Two additional publications reported moderate–strong Pearson’s correlations between the BDI and ISWT (−0.46³⁶ and 0.76⁴⁸), with another reporting no significant correlation.⁵⁵ The positive correlations demonstrated in these studies show that PRO scores increase as exercise performance improves, indicating improved health status.

Table 3 Correlations between exercise test outcomes and selected patient-reported breathlessness measures Notes: Parenthesis enclose results of different subgroups within the same study; shaded areas indicate that no data were found for the relevant association. Abbreviations: 6MWT, 6-minute walk test; 12MWT, 12-minute walk test; BDI, Baseline Dyspnea Index; Corr, correlation; ECET, endurance cycle ergometer test; ESWT, endurance shuttle walk test; ICET, incremental cycle ergometer test; ISWT, incremental shuttle walk test; mMRC, modified Medical Research Council (dyspnea scale); NS, no significance (reported); OCD, oxygen-cost diagram; VO2, oxygen consumption; t, test; TT, treadmill test; Wmax, highest workload achieved.

Figure 3 Pearson’s correlations in studies reporting significant associations between the 6-minute walk-test outcomes and breathlessness PROs. Notes: Numbers in parentheses refer to studies reporting significant correlations/total number of studies reporting Pearson’s correlations. The two positive correlations shown here indicate higher PRO scores with improvements in exercise test performance. Higher PRO scores indicate improved health status. Negative correlations indicate lower PRO scores with improvements in exercise test performance. Lower PRO scores indicate improved health-related quality of life. Abbreviations: BDI, Baseline Dyspnea Index; mMRC, modified Medical Research Council (dyspnea scale); PRO, patient-reported outcome; OCD, oxygen-cost diagram.

Associations between OCD and exercise test outcomes were reported in seven articles (Table 3; Figure 3).^{36,39,40,44,50,51,56} Of these, three publications reported weak–moderate Pearson’s correlations between the 6MWT and the OCD, ranging from 0.34 to 0.52,^40,44,56 with a further study finding a strong Spearman’s correlation (ρ=0.66).⁵⁰ Only one study found no significant correlation between the 6MWT and the OCD.³⁹ Single articles noted weak–moderate correlations for the 12MWT (r=0.50)⁵¹ and the ISWT (r=0.33),³⁶ and a further paper reported strong Spearman’s correlations of 0.61 and 0.74 for the ICET, when peak VO₂ and W_max were used for the main outcome measure, respectively.⁵⁰ The same study also found moderate (ρ=0.59) correlations between the OCD and the ECET. Of six studies^{41,47,52,53,56,61} reporting Pearson’s correlations between the 6MWT and the MRC/mMRC scale, five^{41,47,53,56,61} reported r-values ranging from −0.51 to −0.7. However, one of these studies reporting Pearson’s correlations between the 6MWT and the MRC/mMRC scale described r² rather than r. For the basis of this analysis, this study was included under the assumption that a Pearson’s correlation was used and r² was a typographical error.⁶¹ One study⁵² reported no significant correlation (Table 3; Figure 3), and another two studies reported a significant Spearman’s correlation between MRC/mMRC and the 6MWT (−0.51³⁹ and −0.39³⁸). The negative correlations demonstrated in these studies show that PRO scores decrease as exercise performance improves, indicating improved health status.

Discussion

This systematic review has shown that there are limited studies available reporting on the correlations between exercise test outcomes and PROs. Of these, the body of evidence describing a relationship between these outcome measures is even smaller. The most commonly reported association was between SGRQ_total outcomes and distance covered in the 6MWT. Though typically significant, these correlations were generally weak–moderate. The available evidence also showed correlations between the SGRQ_total and SGRQ_activity and the ISWT, ICET (W_max), ECET, and TT, which tended to be moderate–strong. No studies were found that assessed associations between exercise test and SGRQ outcomes (including all subscales) for 12MWT and ESWT. However, all of these correlations must be considered in the context of substantial heterogeneity in study design, disease severity, and sample size.

The majority of studies investigating associations between exercise test outcomes and self-reported breathlessness scores, such as the BDI, OCD, and mMRC, have used the 6MWT. The PROs of these tended to exhibit at least moderate correlations with exercise test outcomes. In particular, the BDI was generally reported to have a moderate–very strong Pearson’s correlation with the 6MWT in three of four studies, with a further study reporting a moderate Spearman’s correlation for this relationship.

Among included studies, there was a wide range of study designs and patient cohorts. As high-quality evidence is limited in this field, observational studies were combined with the results of randomized controlled trials, with the risk of affording similar weight to their interpretation. It is thus possible that significant associations could be underrecognized, owing to a type II statistical reporting error, a factor that must be considered when designing or interpreting studies to assess these exercise tests. Many of these studies reported nonsignificant correlations. Given the number of studies with small patient numbers that did report significant correlations, sample size is unlikely to be a factor in the nonsignificant correlations demonstrated by some studies. However, substantial heterogeneity was observed among some of the patient populations in terms of baseline demographics.

There are also inconsistencies in the way in which results were reported, with some study publications reporting incongruous negative/positive correlations compared with others describing the same relationship. It is unclear whether this reflects differences in the way in which the instruments were used or the way in which the statistical tests were applied between instruments and exercise test outcomes. We have presented such values as reported in the source articles. Additionally, the inclusion criteria and COPD severity are often not clearly stated in the articles included in this review. There is thus a risk that the patients in the studies included were not a broadly homogeneous group. Therefore, we would recommend that future studies clearly state inclusion criteria and the clinical rationale for diagnosis whenever possible.

Although not included in the review, consideration should also be given to the correlations demonstrated in studies that fell outside the selected search criteria. Several studies that were not included here showed significant relationships between exercise and breathlessness or PROs, either demonstrating correlations with new tools or using correlation coefficients other than Pearson’s or Spearman’s. For example, associations between exercise capacity and the i-BODE index (body-mass index, airflow obstruction, dyspnea, exercise-capacity index [exercise-capacity measured using ISWT]),⁶³ the Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy – fatigue (FACIT-F) instrument,⁶⁴ the London Chest Activity of Daily Living (LCADL) scale,⁶⁵ and the McGill Pain Questionnaire (MPQ)⁶⁶ were identified in patients with COPD. Moreover, correlations between the 6MWT and the COPD assessment test (CAT)⁶⁷ and between the desaturation:distance ratio (DDR) and Borg scale⁶⁸ have been identified. The criteria chosen for this review were based on well-established PROs, rather than those that have been more recently developed. However, many of these more novel tests are increasing in popularity, and as such, further investigation into their correlation with breathlessness or HRQoL PROs will be useful to determine their relevance in predicting prognosis in patients with COPD.

Despite the noted limitations, three further recommendations can be drawn directly from these findings. First, one of our included studies reported correlations between two PRO measures (SGRQ_total and OCD) and two common outcome measures for the ICET: peak VO₂ and W_max. In both, the PRO was more closely correlated with the ICET W_max than the ICET peak VO₂. This finding complements that of another systematic review conducted by these authors,⁶⁹ which showed that exercise test outcomes tended to be more closely correlated with W_max as a measure of lung function than with peak VO₂. It thus seems prudent to suggest that when investigating ICET, researchers report W_max values as a priority.

Second, as a combination of the SF-36 and EQ-5D is the instrument of choice for assessing HRQoL of several health technology-assessment bodies, the lack of studies reporting associations between this outcome measure and exercise tests is of note. Clinical trial designers might usefully consider this in assessing the most appropriate clinical trial end point. Third, the results of this review suggest that exercise tests are not interchangeable, and as such, comparisons of different exercise tests in response to interventions are inappropriate.

In conclusion, these findings indicate that only limited evidence is available to support an association between exercise test outcomes and HRQoL and breathlessness PROs in patients with COPD. The evidence that does exist suggests a very weak–moderate negative correlation between the 6MWT and the SGRQ. Both moderate–strong positive and negative correlations between 6MWT outcomes and breathlessness were observed. It has not been possible to assess other tests adequately, though the limited data available suggest that the ISWT, ICET, ECET, and TT may be more closely associated with the SGRQ (and HRQoL outcomes) than the 6MWT. Recent guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of COPD indicate that the assessment of disease severity is improved by using functional criteria, such as exercise capacity.^4,70,71 However, the current evidence suggests that no single exercise test accurately reflects HRQoL or breathlessness in patients with COPD. Therefore, despite the paucity of data for some tests, it may be justified to conclude that these tests assess features not measured by these HRQoL outcomes. Consequently, a composite measurement assessing several factors reflective of COPD, such as the BODE index, which evaluates a surrogate of nutritional state (body-mass index), airflow obstruction (FEV₁), dyspnea (mMRC), and exercise capacity (6MWT), may be a more accurate measure of COPD severity and prognosis.⁷² The BODE index predicts the requirement for hospitalizations among patients with COPD better than either FEV₁ or classic GOLD staging.⁷³ It thus seems reasonable to surmise that individual PROs may have limited prognostic ability in patients with COPD, and should be supported by additional measurements wherever possible.

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank Martin Bell, Iain Fotheringham, and Sarah Cockle for their contribution to the original study, and Jelle Spoorendonk, Weiwei Xu, and Janita Balradi (Pharmerit International) for conducting the updated systematic literature review. Editorial support (in the form of writing assistance, assembling tables and figures, collating author comments, grammatical editing, and referencing) was provided by Rachael Baylie, PhD at Fishawack Indicia Ltd, UK, and was funded by GSK. This study was funded by GSK.

Author contributions

All authors contributed to the conception and design of the study, analysis and interpretation of data, and revision of the manuscript, and approved the final version of the manuscript.

Disclosure

YSP, JHR, EL, and MD are current employees of GlaxoSmithKline and hold stocks in GlaxoSmithKline. SJS was involved with the development of the incremental shuttle walk test, and has served on advisory boards for GlaxoSmithKline. SJS was part funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Collaboration for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care East Midlands (CLAHRC EM). Support was also provided by the NIHR Leicester Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit. The views expressed are those of the authors, and not necessarily those of the National Health Service (NHS), the NIHR, or the Department of Health. The work presented here, including the conduct of the study, data analysis, and interpretation, was funded by GSK (HO-12-12583).

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