Temperature biofeedback and sleep: limited findings and methodological challenges

Geneviève Forest,^1,2 Cameron van den Heuvel,³ Kurt Lushington,⁴ Joseph De Koninck<sup>2

1</sup>Sleep Laboratory, Département de Psychoéducation et de Psychologie, Université du Québec en Outaouais, Gatineau, Québec, Canada; ²Sleep and Dreams Laboratory, School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; ³Research Branch University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; ⁴School of Psychology, Social Work and Social Policy, University of South Australia, South Australia, Australia

Abstract: Given the close link between body temperature and sleep, the perspective of manipulating core and peripheral temperature by self-regulation techniques is very appealing. We report here on a series of attempts conducted independently in two laboratories to use self-regulation (biofeedback) of oral (central) and hand (peripheral) temperature, and measured the impact on sleep-onset latency, sleep architecture, and circadian phase. We found that hand temperature was more successful than oral temperature biofeedback. Moreover, an increase in hand temperature was associated with reduced sleep-onset latency. However, most participants found the procedure difficult to implement. The temperature response to biofeedback was reduced in the aged and weakest at the time of sleep onset, and there was not a systematic relationship between the change in temperature and change in sleep latency. Methodological limitations and individual differences may account for these results. Recommendations for future research are presented.

Keywords: biofeedback, core body temperature, sleep, circadian rhythm, sleep onset