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Health Promotion Capacity Among Chinese Healthcare Professionals and Its Influence on Preventive Health Service Practices

Authors Zhou C, Tan F, Lai S, Chen J, Cai Q, Yin X, Guo S , Wu S, Yang L

Received 15 November 2021

Accepted for publication 8 February 2022

Published 23 February 2022 Volume 2022:15 Pages 343—352

DOI https://doi.org/10.2147/JMDH.S349449

Checked for plagiarism Yes

Review by Single anonymous peer review

Peer reviewer comments 2

Editor who approved publication: Dr Scott Fraser



Chi Zhou,1,* Fang Tan,1,* Sihong Lai,1 Jingchun Chen,1 Qi Cai,1 Xiaoyu Yin,1 Shuli Guo,1 Shuang Wu,2 Lei Yang1

1School of Public Health, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, People’s Republic of China; 2The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563100, People’s Republic of China

*These authors contributed equally to this work

Correspondence: Lei Yang, School of Public Health, Hangzhou Normal University, No. 2318, Yuhangtang Road, Cangqian, Yuhang District, Hangzhou, 311121, People’s Republic of China, Tel/Fax +86-0571-28865510, Email [email protected]

Background: This study evaluated the current health promotion capacity level of Chinese healthcare professionals and explored the association between health promotion capacity and preventive health service practices.
Methods: A total of 124 doctors and 72 nurses were recruited from 6 county hospitals and 12 community health centers from June to August 2019 in Zhejiang Province, China. Health promotion capacity was measured using the revised Chinese version of the Health Promotion Professionals Core Competency Scale.
Results: The mean total score on the health promotion capacity scale was 45.04 (SD = 7.30). Total health promotion capacity score was negatively associated with county hospitals (β = − 0.32, p < 0.001; Ref: community health center) and positively associated with a monthly income of more than 5001 RMB ($786.39) (β = 0.25, p = 0.004; Ref: less than 5000 RMB ($786.24)). All domain scores of the health promotion capacity scale were positively related to preventive health service practices.
Conclusion: Health promotion capacity is one of the most important capacities among healthcare professionals, and there is a particular need to improve nurses’ capacity. A higher level of health promotion capacity is beneficial for implementing preventive health services.

Keywords: healthcare professionals, health promotion, primary care, capacity

Introduction

China is facing the challenge of emerging epidemics of chronic disease; approximately 27.5% and 11.9% of residents had hypertension and diabetes, respectively, in 2020.1 Effective health promotion is one of the key measures to prevent outbreaks and manage chronic diseases,2 such as carrying out health counseling to encourage healthy lifestyles and prevent complications among patients, early identification of residents’ chronic disease and ensuring they are at low risk of disease, and supporting residents to participate in health promotion activities.3–5 Mental health is a challenge among the global general population;6 mental health activities emphasizing the prevention and treatment of mental disorders—alongside mental health promotion—may improve public mental health.7 Health promotion is an important task in the daily practice of healthcare professionals,8 and they should have the knowledge, skills, and attitudes to enable effective health promotion.9,10

Due to differences among cultures and healthcare systems, the requirements for health promotion capacity might differ from country to country. For example, Canada encourages healthcare professionals to explore strategies for mobilizing community resources and enhancing community participation.11 South Africa emphasizes the capacity to transfer knowledge, work together to solve health problems for residents, and develop health-related capital.12

There are few health promotion capacity tools or scales that are commonly used worldwide. One is the Canada Promotion Capacity Checklist developed by the Prairie Region Health Promotion Research Centre of Saskatchewan University in 2004, which includes four domains: knowledge, skills, commitment, and resources.13 Another is the Australian Health Promotion Capacity Scale, which includes five domains: beliefs about behavior change, intention to promote health, health promotion skills, effectiveness of health promotion, and health-promoting norms.14 However, few studies have explored the measurement of health promotion capacity among Chinese healthcare professionals.15,16 Since 2016, the Chinese government has promoted a series of health-oriented strategies, including the implementation of the Healthy China 2030 Plan by the State Council of China,17 aimed at the promotion of healthier lifestyles, increasing health literacy, and improving mental health status, among others.18 The Law on Basic Health Care and Health Promotion was also implemented as the country’s first basic and comprehensive healthcare law.19 Primary doctors and nurses will be encouraged to participate in more health promotion tasks in their daily work.17 It is meaningful to evaluate the current status of health promotion among healthcare professionals in the new era in China, and to provide suggestions to improve their ability.

Health promotion capacity might be affected by gender, age, education, specific job, training frequency, and familiarity with policy;20,21 these factors will differ contingent on local cultural differences. For example, gender, years of work experience, and heavy workload were found to be associated with health promotion capacity in Pennsylvania.22 Another study showed that length of employment was negatively associated with health promotion knowledge and capacity in South Korea.23 In Hong Kong, men aged over 50 years who had practiced medicine for more than 30 years, and who had received training, were significantly associated with more confidence in health promotion.24

Previous Chinese studies on healthcare professionals focused on job satisfaction, job burnout and clinical services practices,25,26 and few have explored preventive practices.27 Healthcare professionals’ health promotion capacity has been shown to influence the output of preventive healthcare practices.28–30 For example, a study in Ireland found a significant association between doctors’ level of health promotion knowledge and physical activity counseling.31 Another study in the UK showed that nurses with lower-level skills in health promotion practice were more likely to raise lifestyle issues with patients.32,33 However, there is a lack of quantitative studies that assessed the association between health promotion capacity and preventive health service practices. It is important to explore this relationship to improve the quality of preventive health services.

The current study: 1) evaluated the current health promotion capacity of Chinese healthcare professionals, 2) explored the factors that influence health promotion capacity, and 3) investigated the relationships between health promotion capacity and preventive health service practices.

We hypothesized that 1) Chinese healthcare professionals’ domain scores on the health promotion capacity scale will be balanced; and 2) their total scores on the health promotion capacity scale will be positively associated with their preventive health service practices.

Materials and Methods

Participants and Procedure

A cross-sectional study was carried out from June to August 2019 in three cities (Hangzhou, Deqing, and Yuhuan), which represent well-, moderately-, and less-developed GDP levels in Zhejiang Province. Each city has two or three medical groups, which had been established for approximately one year at the time of the study. Each medical group included one county hospital and several community health service centers. Two medical groups were selected from each city, and one county hospital and two associated community health centers from central and non-central urban areas were selected from each medical group. Thus, a total of six county hospitals and 12 community health centers were selected as investigation sites. We selected two doctors from the internal medicine department of each site, as well as one or two from the surgical medicine department, one from obstetrics or gynecology, and two or three from general medicine. One nurse was selected from the internal medicine department, one or two from obstetrics or gynecology, and one or two from the general medicine department. Participants were required to meet the following inclusion criteria: 1) worked in a local hospital/community health center for at least one year and 2) willing to participate in the study. Data were collected using a self-administered questionnaire after obtaining written consent from doctors and nurses. A total of 203 questionnaires were distributed, and 196 valid questionnaires were returned, resulting in a 96.55% response rate. Ultimately, 124 doctors and 72 nurses completed self-administered questionnaires in this survey. This study was approved by the ethics board of Hangzhou Normal University (No. 2019065).

Measurements

Health promotion capacity was assessed using the revised Chinese version of the Health Promotion Professionals Core Competency Scale developed in 2015.16 This scale includes 11 items that assess two domains: 1) knowledge and skills (7 items) and 2) personal qualities (4 items). Knowledge and skills items measure ability regarding health promotion knowledge, disease risk assessment, and health intervention. Example items are “I master the theories and knowledge of health promotion and disease prevention,” “I have enough knowledge of nutrition and healthy diet,” “I can assess residents’ health promotion demands based on their health status”, “I can make plans for disease risk assessment and health intervention,” and “I can evaluate the effectiveness of health interventions.” Items that assess personal qualities measure health promotion attitude, communication skills, and teamwork awareness in daily work. Example items are “I think health promotion work is very meaningful” and “I am familiar with using communication skills to provide health promotion services”. Participants were required to rate each item on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). Total scores ranged from 11 to 55, such that a higher score indicated a higher level of self-reported health promotion capacity. The Cronbach’s alpha coefficients for the original and revised versions of the health promotion capacity scale were 0.96 and 0.97 respectively.34 The concurrent validity of the health promotion capacity scale was R = 0.76 (P < 0.001), and two domains with eigenvalues over 1 were extracted, explaining 83.96% of the variance.

A self-developed questionnaire was produced that consisted of two parts. The first part collected demographic information, including age, gender, education level, years of work experience, whether the respondent was working in a hospital or a community health center,  technical title, occupation, and monthly income. The second part of the questionnaire assessed practice of preventive health services. The local medical groups have been established for approximately one year; these emphasize primary health promotion. Questions were asked regarding the current situation compared with that before the local medical groups were established. Items included “Have you provided health education activities (eg, health propaganda and mobilization lectures and so on) more frequently?” “Have you provided healthy lifestyle counselling for residents more frequently?” and “Have you provided health care follow-up services for residents more frequently?” Each question was answered as “yes” or “no.”

Statistical Analysis

Data were analyzed using SPSS 23.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Descriptive analyses were performed for the sociodemographic variables. Categorical data are presented as frequencies and percentages, while continuous data are shown as means and standard deviations (SDs). The rank sum test was used to compare the health promotion capacity scores of doctors and nurses. Linear regression was used to analyze the association between demographic characteristics and each health promotion capacity domain score. Logistic regression was used to investigate the association between preventive health service practices and two-dimensional scores on the health promotion capacity scale. Multicollinearity was assessed by Pearson correlation coefficient and by checking the variance inflation factor in a multiple regression model with the same dependent and independent variables.35 The –2 log-likelihood ratio test was used to test the overall significance of the model. The fit of the model was assessed using the Hosmer–Lemeshow goodness-of-fit chi-square test. The significance level was set at a two-tailed probability level of p < 0.05. Missing data were excluded from the analysis.

Results

Sample Characteristics

The demographic characteristics of the participants are presented in Table 1. The mean age of the subjects was 35.64 ± 7.60 years, 58.16% were female, and 76.53% had at least an undergraduate education. Of the participants, 58.67% were employed in community health centers, 47.45% held primary technical jobs, and their monthly income was below 5000 RMB ($786.24) (55.10%). Of the participants, 63.27% were doctors, and 36.73% were nurses.

Table 1 Demographic Characteristics of the Participants (n,%)

Scores on the Self-Reported Health Promotion Capacity Scale

Table 2 shows that the mean total score on the health promotion capacity scale was 45.04 (SD = 7.30). The mean score of the knowledge and skills domain was 28.13 (SD = 4.95) and that of personal qualities was 16.91 (SD = 2.79). Compared with nurses, doctors had higher knowledge and skills domain scores (Z = −2.84, p =0.005) and total scale scores (Z = −2.25, p =0.02).

Table 2 The Total and Domain Scores of Health Promotion Capacity Scale

Linear Regression of Demographic Characteristics on Health Promotion Capacity Domain Scores

The associations between the demographic characteristics and health promotion capacity are presented in Table 3. The total scores of health promotion capacity were negatively associated with county hospitals (β = −0.32, p < 0.001; Ref: community health center), and positively associated with a monthly income level of more than 5001 RMB ($786.39) (β = 0.25, p =0.004; Ref: less than 5000 RMB ($786.24)). Regarding domain scores, knowledge and skills scores were negatively associated with county hospitals (β = −0.28, p =0.001; Ref: community health center), and positively associated with a monthly income level of more than 5001 RMB ($786.39) (β = 0.26, p=0.002; Ref: less than 5000 RMB ($786.24)). Personal quality scores were negatively associated with county hospitals (β = −0.34, p < 0.001; Ref: community health center), and positively associated with a monthly income level of more than 5001 RMB ($786.39) (β = 0.19, p =0.03; Ref: less than 5000 RMB ($786.24)).

Table 3 Liner Regression of Demographic Characteristics on Each Domain Scores of Health Promotion Capacity Scale (Standardized β Value)

Binary Logistic Regression of Health Promotion Capacity Scale Scores on Preventive Health Service Practices

The associations between health promotion capacity and preventive health services are shown in Table 4. After adjusting for gender, education level, work years, hospital category, technical title, occupation, monthly income, practice of health education activities was positively associated with knowledge and skills (OR = 1.95, 95% CI: 1.34–2.84) and personal qualities (OR = 2.10, 95% CI: 1.48–2.99). Healthy lifestyle counseling practice behavior was positively associated with knowledge and skills (OR = 2.71, 95% CI: 1.68–4.37) and personal qualities (OR = 2.07, 95% CI: 1.39–3.10). Follow-up service practice behavior was positively associated with knowledge and skills (OR = 2.01, 95% CI: 1.33–3.05) and personal qualities (OR = 1.71, 95% CI: 1.18–2.48).

Table 4 Binary Logistic Regression of Health Promotion Capacity Scale Scores on Preventive Health Services Practice [OR(95% CI)]

Discussion

This is the first study to assess health promotion capacity among healthcare professionals after a medical group was established in China. We found that healthcare professionals had a favorable self-reported health promotion capacity (45.04/55). The overall score of the personal quality domain was higher than that of the knowledge and skill domain among healthcare professionals. This result is quite different from those of other studies in Western countries, which reported balanced knowledge and skill levels.36 This might be because, first, the health promotion capacity of healthcare professionals in China has received attention in recent years, with related training being instituted that primarily focuses on basic theory and cognition, but lacks skills teaching. Second, there are evidence-based guidelines for primary preventive services in some Western countries, which provide detailed guidance on the content of related services. In China, the government encourages healthcare professionals to carry out these services in their daily work, but without evidence-based guidelines. One study showed that 70.02% of Chinese doctors and nurses engaged in health promotion activities for less than 10 minutes for each patient, and exhibited a lack of effective health promotion theory and tools.37

It is worth noting that doctors overall had higher health promotion knowledge and skills domain scores than nurses. This finding is contrary to previous studies in other countries.38–40 This might be for two reasons. First, the number of nurses in China is markedly insufficient; they experience a large amount of pressure from daily clinical nursing work and lack the time and capacity to carry out health promotion activities.23 As a result, general practitioners must provide health education services and related skills while treating patients.41 Second, residents are more likely to trust doctors than nurses in China. Doctors have greater technical knowledge, education level, and social status than nurses. Doctors are more likely to have a good relationship with patients and find it convenient to carry out health promotion activities. However, the role of nurses has expanded in recent years worldwide, with increased health promotion responsibilities for patients with chronic conditions. And nurses work increasingly in the fields of health promotion and chronic disease prevention.39 For example, nurses provide health education and patient counseling aimed at behavior change with patients at risk of lifestyle-related illness in the UK and the US.42–44 Accordingly, the Chinese government could consider increasing the number of nurses and enhancing health promotion training for nurses. This would encourage nurses to participate in health promotion activities and redefine the roles and responsibilities of nurses and doctors.

The results of the linear regression showed that the hospital employer category was negatively associated with the total score and the two domain scores. This indicates that the healthcare professionals in community health centers had a higher level of health promotion capacity than did those in county hospitals. This result is consistent with studies in the UK.45–47 This might be because the family physician contract service is carried out in community health centers under the healthcare system in China. The government has provided funding to promote the delivery of health promotion activities in the family physician contract since 2018, such as healthy lifestyle counseling and healthy behavior interventions. Therefore, the related capacity of healthcare professionals has rapidly strengthened in community health centers. Meanwhile, doctors and nurses in county hospitals focus on clinical treatment and have limited time to carry out health promotion activities.48

Monthly income was positively associated with the total score and two domain scores, indicating that income incentive is an important factor in enhancing health promotion capability. This is consistent with a study showing that approximately half of family physicians thought that a lack of economic incentives prevented them from providing health promotion and preventive services in the US.22 Without income incentives, it is difficult to mobilize enthusiasm for such work. However, there are no special salary incentives for health promotion services for healthcare professionals in China. All national basic public health services are paid by the capitation payment, and the health promotion service is one of these services. We suggest that some of the clinical income profits might be used to encourage the implementation of health promotion services in the future.

The two domain scores of the health promotion capacity scale were positively associated with all preventive health service practices. This is consistent with previous findings.28,29 Healthcare professionals who develop more health promotion knowledge and skills will be more confident in providing healthy lifestyle counseling and follow-up services for residents. Therefore, ensuring health promotion capacity as part of daily training and enhancing health-oriented attitudes might be beneficial for encouraging healthcare professionals to engage in health-promoting activities as part of their routine practice.31

This study has some limitations. Firstly, it was carried out in three counties and cities in Zhejiang Province; these selected sample areas have limited representativeness. Secondly, the Chinese version of the health promotion capacity scale is not a validated assessment tool, which limits the external validity of the results of this study. Thirdly, confounding factors such as workload and lifestyle might affect preventive health services practice, we did not collect data regarding such aspects.

Conclusions

The Chinese healthcare systems is developing towards the health oriented, and health promotion capacity as one of the most important capacities of healthcare professionals, being especially beneficial for improving preventive health service practices. Preventive health service practices have important clinical implications for the prevention of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, as well as mental illness. In the current study, scores for the personal qualities domain were relatively high, while the lower knowledge and skill domain scores suggest that more specialized training is needed to help healthcare professionals improve their level of practice, such as disease risk assessment, health lifestyle intervention, and so on. The role of nurses needs to be redefined and expanded, with increasing responsibility to promote patient health. It is important for healthcare professionals to share accurate health promotion information. The government should prioritize health promotion through appropriate income incentives for healthcare professionals.

Data Sharing Statement

Data can be requested from the corresponding author. All materials used for the purpose of this study are available on the request of the corresponding author.

Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate

This study was approved by the ethics board of Hangzhou Normal University (No. 2019065). Written informed consent was obtained from each participant.

Acknowledgments

We thank the help of doctors and nurses from the six counties hospitals and 12 community health centers of Hangzhou, Deqing, Yuhuan cities, and all the research staffs during the surveys.

Author Contributions

All authors made a significant contribution to the work reported, whether that is in the conception, study design, execution, acquisition of data, analysis and interpretation, or in all these areas; took part in drafting, revising or critically reviewing the article; gave final approval of the version to be published; have agreed on the journal to which the article has been submitted; and agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work.

Funding

This study was supported by the Zhejiang Province Philosophy and Social Science Planning Project (No:22NDJC135YB) and Zhejiang College Students’ Science and Technology Innovation Program (Xin-Miao Talent Plan) (No:2021R426069).

Disclosure

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

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