Physical Activity During and After Haematological Cancer Treatment: A Cross-Sectional Survey of Haematology Healthcare Professionals in the United Kingdom

Purpose Health professionals’ (HPs) knowledge of recommended guidelines for physical activity (PA) is thought to influence the advice they provide to their patients. Little is known about the knowledge or provision of PA advice by HPs working with haematological cancer patients. This study examined awareness of PA guidance, beliefs and practices in provision of advice given by UK HPs working with haematological cancer patients. Methods Online survey including questions on awareness of PA guidance, levels of agreement/disagreement with statements related to PA in haematological cancer and reported provision of advice in practice. Open text responses sought detail regarding guidance knowledge and exampled advice given by respondents. Predictors of familiarity of guidance and provision of advice were examined. Results Complete responses were received from 156 professionals, mostly nurses, allied HPs and doctors. Many (31%) reported knowing relevant guidance and nearly half (48.6%) reported routinely giving PA advice. Nurses and allied AHPs give advice to more patients than doctors and knowledge of guidelines among doctors was poor. Conclusion Beliefs of haematology professionals regarding the role of PA during and after treatment for haematological cancer were generally positive. Those reporting familiarity with guidance were more likely to give advice. Misalignment exists between guidelines and advice given by professionals to their patients. Increasing knowledge of guidelines among HPs, including nurses, may lead to increased provision of PA advice and promotion of PA to more of their patients. HPs education in haematology on PA guidance tailored to professional group is needed.


Introduction
Five-year survival rates for haematological cancers are estimated to be 60% and 250,000 people are currently living with haematological cancer in the United Kingdom (UK). 1 Management can include surveillance only, chemotherapy, immunotherapies, stem cell transplantation and radiotherapy. Many patients require prolonged treatment with phases of therapy using a combination of different modalities, resulting in an array of morbidity and side-effects perpetuated by toxicities and deconditioning. Therefore, there is urgent need for supportive strategies adjuvant to anti-cancer treatments to assist improvements in treatment responses. 2 The positive role of physical activity (PA) interventions across the cancer continuum has been demonstrated. [3][4][5] A Cochrane review of aerobic exercise in adult haematological cancer patients found evidence of effects on fatigue and depression. 6 Meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials have concluded that exercise interventions are safe, feasible and beneficial for haematological cancer patients receiving intensive systemic treatment and may improve QOL, physical function and reduce fatigue, particularly for allogeneic SCT recipients at discharge from hospital when exercise was introduced before or during admission. [7][8][9] Despite this PA levels among people living with and beyond cancer during and after treatment are known to remain below recommended levels. [10][11][12] General promotion of positive messaging and endorsement of PA by healthcare professionals (HPs) could be influential in encouraging more people living with haematological cancer to be physically active. HPs have a key role in providing evidence-based information to people living with and beyond cancer regarding their condition, treatment options and promoting healthy lifestyle during and after cancer treatment. 13 Individuals living with and beyond cancer have reported that they would value receiving PA advice from their HPs, particularly clinical nurse specialists and doctors as part of treatment and would trust that advice to be safe and accurate. 14 Perceived barriers for HPs to provide advice regarding lifestyle behaviours such as PA include lack of clear guidance, a belief that they are not the correct person to give advice and lack of time. 15 However, HPs may lack knowledge of public health recommendations for positive lifestyle behaviours, resulting in a reduced likelihood of providing such advice or recommendations to patients. 15,16 A study of 1013 UK primary care physicians found low familiarity with PA guidance and that those unfamiliar with the guidance were less confident when raising the topic of PA and significantly less likely to advise PA, particularly to patients with comorbidities, such as cancer. 17 In contrast, another UK-based study reported high levels of awareness of guidance and initiation of PA conversations among physiotherapists. When questioned on the specific content of PA guidelines however, their knowledge of all aspects was poor and this discrepancy in knowledge may impact on the quality of advice delivered in practice. 18 Although some HPs working within the cancer setting do recognise the importance of discussing PA with their patients, their advice may often not be aligned with published guidelines either. In a survey of Irish oncology professionals, respondents most commonly reported providing PA advice verbally, however less than half of respondents provided recommendations in line with current guidance. 19 The emerging research surrounding this important topic has been carried out on samples of HPs predominately working in the area of solid tumours, such as breast, colorectal and prostate cancer, where stronger evidence for exercise during treatment and survivorship exists. Information is lacking regarding the understanding of HPs working in haematological cancer.
Therefore, the purpose of this study was threefold; i) to examine awareness of PA recommendations, ii) explore beliefs surrounding the role of PA during and after treatment and iii) to understand practices in provision of advice given to patients by HPs working with people living with and beyond haematological cancer in the UK. Predictors of familiarity of PA guidance and provision of advice to patients were also examined.

Participants and Recruitment
Data was obtained via an anonymous online survey using the Opinio platform. HPs working in a UK cancer setting in roles that had direct contact with patients with a haematological cancer diagnosis were eligible. Responses were sought from doctors, nurses, allied health professionals (AHPs), pharmacists, research practitioners and support/auxiliary health care staff. The study was approved by the University College London (UCL) Research Ethics Committee (reference 14783/001) and conducted in accordance with the principles stated in the Declaration of Helsinki. Participants were informed of the aims of the study and that they could participate anonymously, prior to providing informed consent and accessing the survey.
A number of professional organisations were approached to distribute the survey to their members.

Survey Development and Piloting
The survey was based on previously published studies of HPs conducted in the UK and Ireland 15,19,20 with incorporation of questions regarding agreement/disagreement with statements regarding PA from another HPs survey. 19 Further questions were developed specifically for this study and all questions were adapted for haematologybased workforce by the authors.
The survey was piloted in paper format and tested on three HPs working at a local NHS hospital. These participants were asked to complete the survey questions whilst "thinking aloud" to gather feedback on the appropriateness and understanding of the questions. Finally, an online version of the survey was piloted using the Opinio platform on a small varied sample of HPs from a local NHS hospital, including AHPs, a doctor and a nurse, and research colleagues.

Measures Demographics
Demographic questions related to age, gender and professional group. Professional questions explored time in current role, haematological cancer diagnoses of patients in their care, clinical setting type and location by region. Respondents own self-reported PA was assessed with the questions: "On average, how many days per week did you engage in moderate to strenuous PA (like a brisk walk or run)?" and "How long is your average session of moderate to strenuous PA in minutes (ie a single running/walking/ exercise session)?".

Awareness of PA Guidelines for People Living with and Beyond Cancer
HPs familiarity with guidelines was asked with the question: "Are you familiar with any PA or exercise guidelines that are relevant for cancer patients?". If respondents selected 'yes, I know of relevant guidelines', they were routed to an open text question: "please give some details of the PA guidance that you know? (eg the name of the guidelines, who produced them or any detail you can recall)".

Beliefs About Importance of PA During and After Treatment
HPs were asked to share their level of agreement or disagreement with a number of statements related to PA in the context of people living with haematological cancer. These statements were presented in two matrix style questions; one asking HPs to respond to the statements while considering patients during treatment for haematological cancer, the second asked them to respond to the statements while considering patients after completion of treatment for their haematological cancer.

Provision of PA Advice
In relation to HPs giving advice to their patients, HPs were asked the question: "Do you give advice regarding PA to your patients with blood cancer?". The proportion of patients they give advice to and the timing of advice were assessed with the following questions; "Can you estimate how many of your patients with blood cancer you give advice about PA to?" and "When do you commonly give advice about PA to your patients with blood cancer?".

Examples of HP PA Advice/Information
To gather detail on the information that HPs provide to their patients, survey participants were asked: "Please give an example of information or advice you give about PA to patients with blood cancer?". This open text question had an unlimited free textbox response and could be skipped without providing a response.

Analyses
Survey data was downloaded from Opinio into the statistical package SPSS (version 25.0. Armonk, NY:IBM Corp.) for analysis. Descriptive statistics were generated to describe proportions of respondents overall and by professional group, demographics, professional setting, awareness of PA guidelines and provision of PA advice. Due to the limited numbers of respondents across professions, some underrepresented groups were categorised as "other" (including research staff, support workers) and statistical analyses focussed on the three largest professional groups who responded; nurses, AHPs and medical professionals. Predictors of familiarity of PA guidance were examined using an ordinal logistic regression including HP familiarity with guidelines, professional group, time in current role and HPs self-reported PA. Provision of advice to patients were explored using a binomial logistic regression examining demographic predictors (professional group and time in role) and awareness of PA guidelines on reported proportion of patients given PA advice. For the second model the dependent variable was dichotomised into provision of advice to less or more than 50% of patients and also only included the three largest professional groups.
Responses to the open text survey questions were transferred into NVivo (version 12. QSR International Pty Ltd.) and coded line by line. To map the range and nature of open text responses a process of framework analysis was followed using five key stages; familiarisation of data, identifying a thematic framework, indexing, charting and mapping and interpretation, as outlined by Ritchie and Spencer (2002). 21

Respondents
The exact response rate for the survey is not known as the online link was shared by distributing organisations. The survey link was accessed 244 times. Two hundred and nineteen HPs started the survey, 206 (94%) completed all demographics questions and 196 (89.5%) completed at least one question related to the aims of the study. Of these, 156 (71%) completed the whole survey. The survey had at least three responses from each region of England and at least six from each of the UK home countries (England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland), the greatest number of respondents were from the London region (31%, n=60). Most respondents (59%, n=115) worked in a specialist oncology/haematology centre treating haematological cancers and carrying out stem cell transplantation. The characteristics of the respondents are shown in Tables 1 and 2. Thirty-four per cent (n=67) of respondents were nurses and thirty-one per cent (n=61) were AHPs. The mean total self-reported moderate to strenuous PA per week of the survey respondents who completed the questions related to own PA was 150.74 (±115.42) minutes per week. 44.2% of respondents who provided an answer reported engaging in 150 minutes or more of moderate or strenuous PA per week on average.

Awareness of PA Guidelines
Thirty-one per cent (n=60) of respondents knew relevant PA guidance. Thirty-seven per cent (n=72) reported being aware there was guidance but did not know what it was and 33% (n=64) were not aware of any. Awareness of guidelines by professional group is presented in Figure 1. Differences were evident between professional groups with a higher proportion of medical respondents not aware of any guidelines and no medical respondents reported knowing relevant PA guidelines. A high proportion of AHPs reported knowing of relevant PA guidance  (Table 3).
Of the 60 respondents who reported knowing relevant guidance, 43 (71.7%) provided details of the guidance they knew in their open text response. Thirty-four (56.7%) named a source of guidance or guideline, the most frequently named source of guidance was from charities, with Macmillan Cancer Support most commonly mentioned, followed by international sources including the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) and the European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism. The Chief Medical Officer/Department of Health guidelines were mentioned by only four respondents. Nineteen respondents provided details related to appropriate principles or components of PA guidance (eg "150 minutes moderate intensity per week, 2 strengthening per week"). When comparing the three largest professions (nursing, AHP, medical professionals), who responded to the survey, nurses more commonly referred to charity sources of guidance but only five named a relevant PA guideline and three mentioned principles of PA guidance, whereas 16 AHPs named a relevant PA guideline, 15 mentioned principles of PA guidance. There were no open text responses from medical professionals as none reported knowing relevant guidelines in the previous survey question.

Beliefs About Role of PA During and After Completion of Treatment
Most respondents agreed that patients with haematological cancer should be encouraged to be physically active, that regular exercise can alleviate symptoms of fatigue, can improve QOL and that structured exercise should be part of the treatment pathway for patients during treatment for haematological cancer. When questioned about confidence in making recommendations to patients, overall more than half of all respondents disagreed with not feeling confident (57.6%) (Figure 2). Among the three largest professional groups only 34.4% of medical professionals disagreed or strongly disagreed with the statement, compared to 71.7% of AHPs and 66.7% of nursing professionals. Professional group differences were also evident regarding knowing where or who to refer patients who require support to become more active, 77.2% of nurses and 69.6% of AHPs agreed or strongly agreed to this statement compared to just 21.9% of medical professionals.
Similar patterns of agreement were seen for statements regarding the role of PA for patients with haematological cancer on completion of treatment ( Figure 3). Slightly increased proportions of medical  (Table 4). Differences between professional groups can be seen in Figure 4. Majority of AHPs and nurses (60%) reported providing advice routinely to most of their patients, whereas the majority (51.5%) of medical respondents reported only giving advice when patients requested information regarding PA. Pharmacy professionals most commonly reported not giving advice to their patients (53.8%).
When questioned on the proportion of patients that HPs give PA advice to, overall 37.6% (n=56) reported they provide advice to less than 25% of their patients. 29.5% (n=44) respondents reported giving advice to greater than  75% of their patients. When separated by professional group, half of AHPs reported giving PA advice to more than 75% of their patients, nursing professionals had an even spread across all responses and the majority of medical professionals (51.7%) reported giving advice to less than 25% of their patients. Surveyed HPs reported that during treatment is when they most commonly provide PA advice to their patients (112 responses), then on completion of treatment (83 responses) and during survivorship/ follow up or during maintenance treatment (both 69 responses) ( Table 5).

Predictors of Provision of PA Advice by HPs
A binomial logistical regression model was used to examine the role of professional group, time in role and guideline awareness on provision of PA advice to more than 50% of patients.

Examples of PA Information and Advice
When asked to provide an example of information or advice they give to patients regarding PA, 116 participants provided a response to the open text question. Themes that were concluded from the analysis of open text responses indicated HPs focussed the advice they give around promotion of usual activities, sharing and emphasising the benefits of PA, using a settings (inpatient, outpatient) and/or timing in treatment-based approach to advice. There was repetition of cautious or restrictive advice regarding intensity and type of PA advised and an emphasis on providing resources (eg, leaflets, booklets) and/or signposting to others or other services (eg, walking groups, exercise referral). Examples of captured quotes are detailed in Table 6.
living with and beyond haematological cancer during and after treatment. To our knowledge this is the first published study to investigate professional attitudes and practices among a sample of HPs dedicated to haematological cancer. Awareness of PA recommendations for patients was modest with a third of respondents reporting no awareness of any PA guidance, which is in keeping with other cancer HP surveys. The haematology HPs surveyed largely held positive beliefs about the benefits and promotion of PA for haematological cancer patients both during and after their treatment and their reported provision of advice to their patients regarding PA was promising, with approximately half of respondents reporting they give advice to about half of patients in their care, however professional groups differences were evident. Awareness of PA recommendations among respondents was varied with similar proportions confirming they knew of relevant PA guidance, or were aware guidance existed but not what it was, or reported being unaware of any existing guidance. These findings are in keeping with lifestyle advice surveys conducted among HPs working in oncology settings 15 and those working with teenage and young adult cancer patients in the UK. 20 Professional differences were seen, particularly among the most represented groups. Nursing and AHP professionals were more likely to report being familiar with guidelines. As might be  Yes, only to patients that they think would benefit from PA 10.9 (19) Because they are fatigued a 57.9 (11) Because they are deconditioned or frail a 57.9 (11) Because they have comorbidities that benefit from regular PA a 52.6 (10) Because they have treatment related symptoms a 52.6 (10) Because they appear "fit" and able to undertake PA a 47.4 (9) Because they are older a 26.3 (5) Because they are younger a 26.3 (5) No, do not recommend or give advice about PA to patients

(25)
Note: a Respondents were instructed to select all that applied from the list. expected AHPs, which include professions that provide advice on PA and/or energy balance as part of their clinical role (eg, physiotherapists, occupational therapists and dietitians), reported the greatest awareness of guidance related to PA. Conversely, most medical respondents reported not knowing of any guidance. Familiarity with lifestyle guidance has been found to influence provision of lifestyle advice, 15 as was also seen in this analysis of haematology HPs, with those who reported knowledge of PA guidance at greater odds of providing advice to more than half of their patients.
Recommendations for PA specifically related to people living with and beyond cancer have been available since 2010 when the ACSM published their roundtable recommendations, which largely followed general population guidance such as those laid out by the Chief Medical Officers' PA guidelines in the UK, 22 to encourage adults to aim for at least 150 minutes of moderate intensity aerobic exercise per week and two of more days of resistance training. 23 A recent update of ASCM recommendations based on the exponential growth of evidence in exercise-oncology continues to support promoting patients to engage in PA to a level in general public health guidance. 24 Although this review recommends regular moderate intensity aerobic training and/or  resistance training, 24 it is generally agreed that any level of PA is better than none and that positive health benefit exists with any amount of PA. 22 Across professions, approximately half of HPs surveyed reported that they give PA advice routinely to their patients with haematological cancer, which is similar to levels of recommendation by HPs working with breast and prostate cancer patients. 19 When asked to estimate proportionally how many of their patients they give PA advice to, most survey respondents reported giving PA advice to less than 25% of patients with professional differences again. Over half of doctors reported only giving advice regarding PA when patients initiated with a request for information, and therefore give advice to less of their patients. Nurses and AHPs appear to give advice regarding PA more often and to more patients than doctors, perhaps reflecting their being more familiar with guidelines. Williams et al found 51% of oncology HPs gave PA advice to >50% of  26 Clinicians at all parts of the patient pathway should enquire about their clients' levels of PA, promoting PA for general health benefits and signposting or referring to appropriate support to become more physically active as required. Exercise professionals, such as physiotherapists, can provide effective exercise prescription tailored to individual factors including baseline functional capacity, cancer-specific deficits or challenges and the patients' own goals and preferences for exercise. Having an awareness of local PA guidelines, such as the UK Chief Medical Officers' PA guidelines, can assist HPs in promoting participation in PA for health benefits. 22 Results from this study demonstrate general positive believes that PA and exercise should be encouraged as part of treatment and follow-up for people living with and beyond haematological cancer and that nearly all respondents provide PA advice to at least some of their patients. Analyses of open text responses regarding what guidance HPs were aware of and what advice they give to patients did not always align. Few respondents provided a source or details of the guidance they knew, but most responses received were appropriate, including charity sources of advice or details of principles laid out in evidenced recommendations. Themes emerging from the analysis of advice given did indicate a mostly positive approach to promoting usual activities, the benefits of PA and signposting to resources. However, there was also a theme of cautionary or conservative advice given often advising limiting of exercise intensity or type to people living with and beyond haematological cancer. This may be a reflection of the varied professions who responded to the survey and may indicate a need for stronger referral links or embedding of professionals trained in exercise prescription working within haematological cancer MDTs. Future research related to this survey intends to explore these themes further through a qualitative study of HPs working in haematology.
In the delivery of cancer care, HPs are recognised as crucial to endorsement and promotion of PA and lifestyle advice, 27 particularly medical and nursing clinicians. 28,29 People living with and beyond cancer are open to receiving PA advice from HPs and report lack of advice given in the cancer setting. 30 Delivery of recommendations from core care teams can be effective 28 and is associated with greater PA participation in people living with and beyond cancer. 31 Although there is a recognised requirement to have access to nutritional and rehabilitation services delivered by AHPs in haematological cancer services in the UK, 32,33 the incorporation of specialist AHPs embedded within multidisciplinary teams is limited, even in tertiary cancer centres. 34 Therefore, the number of people living with and beyond haematological cancer who access AHPs, particularly physiotherapists, as part of their care pathway and receive PA input from them may be limited. Given that most patients routinely encounter medical and nursing HPs, they have the most potential influence in encouraging PA participation among all people living with and beyond haematological cancer. Given the variable evidence of knowledge of appropriate PA guidance among HPs, there is an identified need for greater education that considers professional tailoring and additional barriers to providing PA advice. 15,29,35 This survey is the first of its kind to focus on haematological cancer HPs in the UK but has some limitations. Firstly, it is not possible to ascertain a response rate due to the online distribution of the survey, also it received a modest number of respondents and therefore analyses of professional groups was limited. Secondly, research of this kind may naturally attract HPs with a positive view of the role of PA themselves or who are more aware of growing social desirability to promote PA particularly among people living with long-term conditions, such as people living with and beyond cancer 35 and who were already keen to promote PA among those with haematological cancer. The high levels of self-reported weekly PA among our respondents may give some indication to sample selection bias of this nature. These factors may limit the generalisability of this survey to the wider UK haematological cancer workforce.