Therapeutic potential of pravastatin for random skin flaps necrosis: involvement of promoting angiogenesis and inhibiting apoptosis and oxidative stress

Introduction

Postoperative tissue ischemia and necrosis in distal areas are crucial reasons for poor prognosis of random skin flaps.^1,2 Random skin flap, where no specific blood vessel exists, mainly depends on new capillary network perfusion.^3–5 It results in a flexibility of the skin flap due to no limitation of specific blood vessels, but also induces a vulnerability of tissue ischemia and necrosis.⁴ After the operation, angiogenesis begins from the pedicle of random skin flaps toward the distal part where neovascularization is easily inadequate.⁶ Therefore, tissue ischemia and necrosis usually occurs in the distal part, limiting the length-to-width ratio of random skin flaps (1.5–2.0:1).⁶ Thus, promoting angiogenesis can certainly increase random skin flap survival. However, as soon as angiogenesis and subsequent blood perfusion, ischemic reperfusion injury occurs.^7,8 It means that oxidative stress occurs in the ischemia tissue and injuries random skin flaps, accompanied with cell apoptosis.^9,10 Previous studies have demonstrated that promoting angiogenesis, and suppressing oxidative stress and apoptosis can enhance random skin flap survival.

Pravastatin (Prava) is a kind of statins which are 3-hydroxy-3-methyglutaryl-coenzume A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors.¹¹ Although statins are highly effective for lowering lipid level that have an established role in the prevention of coronary heart disease, the overall benefits of statins seem greater than the only lipid level lowering, suggesting their pleiotropic functions are beyond the inhibition of cholesterol biosynthesis. Importantly, the drugs are also commonly prescribed for the management of unstable angina pectoris and acute myocardial infarction, which are also ischemic diseases.¹¹ As reported, statins are involved in endothelial function improvement, enhancement of atherosclerotic plaques stability, and attenuation of oxidative stress.^12–14 In addition, current studies have demonstrated statins’ efficacy on angiogenesis promotion and apoptosis inhibition.^15–18 Several signaling cascades, as reported, have been implicated in these beneficial roles of statins. In endothelial cells, statins could exert the proangiogenic effect by activating the PI3K/Akt pathway, attenuate the oxidative stress via modulating ERK1/2 pathway, and inhibit apoptosis via a PPAR alpha-dependent pathway.^12,15,16 However, it remains to elucidate whether Prava, or other statins, protects against ischemia and necrosis on random skin flaps.

In this study, we investigate the effect of Prava on random skin flaps survival and the involved mechanisms through determining the mean vessels density, the expression of angiogenic proteins (matrix metallopeptidase 9 [MMP9], vascular endothelial growth factor [VEGF], Cadherin5), antioxidant proteins (superoxide dismutase 1 [SOD1], endothelial nitric oxide synthase [eNOS], heme oxygenase [HO1]), and apoptotic factors (BAX, CYC, Caspase3). Furthermore, malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) contents, and SOD activity were also analyzed.

Material and methods

Animals and experimental model

Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats (250–300 g) were acquired from Wenzhou Medical University (License No. SCXK [ZJ] 2005-0019). The animals were individually housed in a standard experimental cage in a controlled room (temperature: 23°C±2°C, humidity: 50%±5%, artificial lighting: 07:00–19:00 hrs), with food and water ad libitum. All experiments followed the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals of the China National Institutes of Health, and were approved by the Animal Care and Use Committee of Wenzhou Medical University (wydw 2017-0022). The suffering of rats was minimized as much as possible.

Before surgery, animals were anesthetized by intraperitoneal injection of 2% (w/v) pentobarbital sodium 40 mg/kg. After that, the modified McFarlane flap model was performed in the rat dorsum (the same position in each rat): a caudal skin flap of 3×9 cm was incised and separated from subcutaneous deep fascia on the back of each rat, while pedicle of the flap was preserved.^19–21 Followed by that sacral arteries were sectioned. Finally, the flap was sutured to the donor bed by 4–0 silk. The random skin flap area was equally divided into three parts from proximal part to distal part: area I, area II, area III.

Animal groups and drug administration

Forty-eight rats were randomly divided into the following two groups: the Control group and the Prava group (n=24 each). After the operation, each rat in the Prava group (n=24) was injected intraperitoneally with 2 mg/kg Prava for consecutive 7 days.²² Prava, provided by Sankyo (>99%; Tokyo, Japan), was dissolved in 0.9% sodium chloride solution for a concentration of 0.5 mg/mL. Rats in the Control group (n=24) received an equal volume of vehicle daily for 7 days. Finally, animals were euthanized by an overdose of pentobarbital sodium and tissue samples were acquired and conserved.

Experimental antibodies and reagents

Antibodies were from the following companies: rabbit monoclonal anti-GAPDH (AP0063; Biogot Technology, Shanghai, People's Republic of China); rabbit monoclonal anti-Cadherin5 (A02632-2; Boster Biological Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China); rabbit monoclonal anti-SOD1, anti-MMP9, anti-HO1, anti-VEGF, anti-Caspase3 (CAPS3) (12,452-1, 19,003-1, 10,375-2, 10,269-1, 10,701-1; Proteintech Group, Chicago, IL, USA); rabbit monoclonal anti-endothelial anti-cytochrome c (CYC), eNOS and anti-Bax (14,796, 11940S and 32,027; Cell Signaling Technology, Beverly, MA, USA); horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-conjugated IgG secondary antibody (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Dallas, TX, USA). Pentobarbital sodium, DAB developer, and H&E staining kit were acquired from Solarbio Science & Technology (Beijing, People's Republic of China). SOD, GSH, and MDA assay kits were from Jiancheng Technology (Nanjing, People's Republic of China). The BCA Kit was purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Rockford, IL, USA). The ECL Plus Reagent Kit was acquired from PerkinElmer Life Sciences (Waltham, MA, USA).

Visual evaluation of flap survival

During 7 days after operation, macroscopic development of random skin flaps was observed, including appearance, color, texture, hair condition of the flaps. Before rats were euthanatized on postoperative day 7 (POD 7), survival areas of the random skin flaps were measured by digital photographs of each rat’s dorsum. Survival area was evidenced by pink and soft skin with new hair growth, whereas necrotic area was demonstrated by scabbing, hardening and dark nidus without new hair growth. Percentage of flap survival was calculated by ImageJ software (National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA) according to the digital photographs:

Tissue edema evaluation of skin flap

Tissue edema was evaluated according to the water content of the McFarlane flap, on POD 7 before the animals were euthanized.^20,23 After euthanasia, six flap tissues per group were harvested and weighed (wet weight). Then, the flaps were dehydrated in an autoclave at 50°C, and weighed daily until constant weight over 2 days (dry weight). The water content was calculated as:

Laser Doppler blood flow imaging (LDBFI) of the skin flap

Before the rats were euthanized on POD 7, six rats per group were anesthetized and then the LDBFI was performed to assess blood supply of the McFarlane flap. The flap was scanned by Laserflo BPM (Vasamedic, St. Paul, MN, USA). LDBFI usually penetrate tissue surface deeply enabling enhanced visualization of small vessels below the skin flaps, perfect for angiogenesis evaluation.²⁴ In the imaging, flap area with blood flow was marked by the LDBFI signal (green, yellow, and red, from weak to strong), whereas area lacking blood supply was marked by blue signal. The percentage of the blood flow area was calculated by ImageJ software (NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA):

Percentage of blood flow area = area with LDBFI signal area (green, yellow, and red)/area of the whole flap ×100.

H&E staining

At POD 7, the animals were euthanized, and six samples (0.5 cm×0.5 cm) in the middle tissue of area II were harvested. Histologic examination was performed on these tissue samples, which were fixed in 4% neutral buffered formalin for 24 hrs, embedded in paraffin, sliced into 4 μm thickness, and subsequently stained with H&E staining (Solarbio Science & Technology, Beijing, People's Republic of China). Under a light microscope (200× magnification), neovascularization, edema, and thickness of granulation tissue in flaps were evaluated. To assess angiogenesis level, mean vessel density (MVD) was counted manually by the number of microvessels per unit area (/mm²). Six random fields from three random sections of each tissue sample were determined for counting.

Assays of MDA content, SOD activity, and GSH level

To assess the oxidative stress levels of ischemic flaps, MDA, SOD, and GSH assays (Jiancheng Technology, Nanjing, People's Republic of China) were performed.²⁵ On POD 7, tissue samples (0.5×0.5 cm) were obtained from area II flaps as above (n=6 per group). Then, the samples were weighed, homogenized, and diluted to 10% (v/v) in ice bath. The homogenate was centrifuged at 3,500 rpm for 15 mins and the supernatant was harvested. Subsequently, MDA content was measured via reaction with thiobarbituric acid at 90–100°C, SOD activity was evaluated by the xanthine oxidase method, and GSH level was assessed using modified 5,5ʹ-dithiobis [2-nitrobenzoic acid] method.

Immunohistochemistry (IHC)

Sections from area II flaps (n=6 per group) were deparaffinized in xylene and rehydrated through a graded ethanol series. After washing, the sections were immersed in a 3% hydrogen peroxide solution for 10 mins, put in 10 mM/L citrate buffer solution (pH 6.0) for 20 mins (95°C), and dipped in 10% (w/v) BSA for 10 mins. Sections were incubated with monoclonal anti-CD34 (1:100), anti-VEGF (1:300), anti-caspase3 (1:200), anti-SOD1 (1:100), and anti-cadherin5 (1:100) antibodies overnight at 4°C. After that, sections were incubated with HRP-conjugated secondary antibody for 1 hr, counterstained by hematoxylin, and visualized under 200× magnification using the DP2-TWAN image-acquisition system (Olympus Corp., Tokyo, Japan). To compare these protein expression and CD34-positive blood vessels, quantitative analysis was performed using Image-Pro Plus software (Media Cybernetics, Rockville, MD, USA). Six random fields of three random sections in each tissue sample were evaluated.

TUNEL staining

Terminal deoxynucleotide transferase-mediated (dUTP) nick-end labeling (TUNEL) staining was performed to detect the level of DNA fragmentation according to manufacturer’s instructions. After deparaffinized, rehydrated, blocked, treated with 10.2 mM sodium citrate buffer, and washed in PBS, sections were stained with in situ cell death detection kit (Roche China, Shanghai, People's Republic of China) for 30 mins at 37°C, and then were stained nuclei with DAPI. Finally, TUNEL positive cells were counted when six random fields of each slide were captured under a fluorescence microscope (Olympus Inc., Tokyo, Japan).

Western blotting

Tissue samples (0.5×0.5 cm) as above (n=6) were acquired, homogenized, and the protein concentration was quantified using a BCA assay with BSA as the standard. Samples containing equal amounts of proteins (60 μg) were separated in 12% (w/v) gels and electro-transferred to polyvinylidene difluoride membranes.^26,27 After blocked with 5% skimmed milk, immunoblotting was probed with the following primary antibodies at 4°C overnight: Bax (1:1,000), CYC (1:1,000), CASP3 (1:1,000), MMP9 (1:1,000), VEGF (1:1,000), Cadherin5 (1:1,000), SOD1 (1:1,000), HO1 (1:1,000), eNOS (1:1,000), and GAPDH (1:1,000). After washing, the membranes were treated with HRP-conjugated secondary antibody (1:5,000) for 2 hrs and visualized using the ECL Plus Reagent Kit. The band intensities were measured using Image Lab 3.0 software (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA).

Statistical analyses

Data were present as means±SEM. Statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS ver. 19 software (Chicago, IL, USA). Variance between the two groups was analyzed by the Student’s t-test. Statistical significance was set at p<0.05, and p<0.001.

Results

Prava elevated the survival of random skin flaps

After operation, the appearance of flaps turned to pale and swollen in each rat. At postoperative day 3 (POD 3), skin ischemic necrosis was observed in the distal portion of the flaps in both groups, as dark-colored, hard and contracted skin tissue without hair growth (Figure 1A). The necrosis almost occurred in area III flap, whereas area I and II flaps looked healthy. At POD 7, skin ischemic necrosis spread to area II flap in both groups. The necrosis in distal part of area II flap occurred as above described, whereas, in the caudal part of area II, the skin exhibited appearance as soft but superficially dark without hair growth, which was identified as survival but ischemic tissue. And area I flap still survived in both groups. After quantification, the Prava group significantly increased flap survival percentage compared with the Control group (69.44±11.42% and 54.80±11.30%, respectively; p=0.05; Figure 1B). Furthermore, distal portion of subcutaneous tissue of flaps looked swollen and bruised with venous blood stasis, which was more obvious in the Control group (Figure 1C). After quantification, the water content of flaps was much lower in the Prava group (44.07±6.62%) than that in the Control group (63.89±7.42%; p=0.001; Figure 1D). Under LDBFI (Figure 1E), the Prava group showed much higher percentage of blood flow area than the Control group (67.75±10.17% and 32.51±9.03%, respectively; p<0.001; Figure 1F).

Figure 1 Prava elevated the survival of random skin flaps. (A) Digital photographs of macroscopic surface of postoperative flaps on POD 3 and 7 (scale bar, 1 cm). (B) Histogram about percentage survival of random skin flaps on POD 7. (C) Digital photographs of inner face of skin flaps, showing tissue edema and vessel statin of flaps. (D) Histogram about the percentage of tissue water content on POD 7. (E) Visualization of blood flow below the tissue surface measured by LDBFI. (F) Histogram of blood flow on POD 7. (Significance: *p<0.05 and **p<0.01 vs the Control group. Data were expressed as mean±SEM. n=6 per group).Abbreviations: Prava, pravastatin; POD 3, postoperative day 3; POD 7, postoperative day 7; LDBFI, Laser Doppler blood flow imaging; SEM, standard error of the mean.

Prava increased blood vessels in skin flaps

As presented in Figure 2A, histological examination was conducted to reveal neovascularization in ischemic skin flap of the two groups. The MVD in the Prava group was 39.17±6.43/mm², much higher than that in the Control group (20.33±5.85/mm²; p<0.001; Figure 2C). For further evaluation of MVDs in both groups, IHC for CD34 was performed to show endothelial cells in vessels (Figure 2B). After quantification, the number of CD34-positive vessels was significantly increased in the Prava group, compared with the Control group (40.67±7.74/mm² vs 22.00±5.25/mm²; p<0.001; Figure 2D).

Figure 2 Prava increased blood vessels in skin flaps. (A) H&E staining showing microvessels (located with black arrows) in ischemic skin flaps (area II) (original magnification ×200 and ×400; scan bar, 50 and 25 μm). (B) IHC of CD34-positive cells in flap area II (located with black arrows). (C) MVDs counted manually under H&E staining. (D) CD34-positive vessel densities (/mm2) quantified under IHC. (Significance: *p<0.05 and **p<0.01 vs the Control group. Data were expressed as mean±SEM. n=6 per group). Abbreviations: IHC, immunohistochemistry; MVDs, mean vessel densities; Prava, pravastatin; SEM, standard error of the mean.

Prava promoted angiogenesis in skin flaps

IHC for the expression of VEGF and Cadherin5 was performed to assess angiogenesis level in both groups. VEGF and Cadherin5 were mostly found in vessels and stromal cells in area II flap (Figure 3A and C). Quantification analysis showed that Prava treatment significantly promoted VEGF expression compared with that in the Control group (p<0.001; Figure 3B). Similarly, Cadherin5 expression was also much higher in the Prava group (p<0.001; Figure 3D). Furthermore, levels of MMP9, VEGF, Cadherin5 in skin flaps were analyzed by Western blotting (Figure 3E–G). The result displayed that all the abovementioned proteins were upregulated in the Prava group than that in the Control group (p=0.031, p=0.019, p=0.035, respectively; Figure 3H–J ).

Figure 3 Prava promoted angiogenesis in skin flap. (A) IHC of VEGF expression in vessels and stromal cells in ischemic skin flaps (area II) (original magnification, ×200; scan bar, 50 μm). (B) Histogram of integral absorbance of VEGF protein. (C) IHC of Cadherin5 expression in vascular endothelial and stromal cells in skin flaps (original magnification, ×200; scan bar, 50 μm). (D) Histogram of integral absorbance of Cadherin5 protein. (E–G) Western blotting analysis of MMP9, VEGF, and Cadherin5 expression, with GAPDH as an internal control. (H–J) Histogram of optical density values of MMP9, VEGF ,and Cadherin5 expression. (Significance: *p<0.05 and **p<0.01 vs the Control group. Data were shown as means±SEM. n=6 per group).Abbreviations: MMP9, matrix metallopeptidase 9; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor; IHC, immunohistochemistry; Prava, pravastatin; SEM, standard error of the mean.

Prava attenuated apoptosis in skin flaps

To examine cell apoptosis in the ischemic flaps, IHC for CASP3, as well as Western blotting for Bax, CYC, and CASP3, was performed in both groups. As shown in IHC (Figure 4A), CASP3 was expressed in vascular endothelial and stromal cells, suggesting that apoptosis occurred, which might give an explanation of impairing vascular cells, decreasing blood flow supply, and eventually resulting in ischemia and necrosis of flaps. A remarkably decreased CASP3 expression was detected in the Prava group compared with the Control group (p<0.001; Figure 4B). Moreover, the expression of Bax, CYC, and CASP3 after Prava treatment was analyzed by Western blotting (Figure 4C–E). Results exhibited that Prava treatment notably decreased the expression of Bax, CYC, and CASP3 compared with the Control group (p=0.035, p=0.006, p<0.001, respectively; Figure 4F–H). In addition, TUNEL staining was conducted to evaluate the level of DNA fragmentation, in which the nuclei were stained blue and damaged DNA was green. The results showed that Prava group displayed lower levels of DNA damage (p<0.001, Figure 4I and J), suggesting that Prava treatment alleviated apoptosis in random skin flaps.

Figure 4 Prava attenuated cell apoptosis in ischemic skin flaps. (A) IHC of CASP3 mainly expressed in vascular endothelial and stromal cells in ischemic skin flaps (area II) (original magnification, ×200; scan bar, 50 μm). (B) Histogram of integral absorbance of CASP3 protein under IHC. (C–E) Western blotting analysis for protein expression of Bax, CYC, and CASP3, with GAPDH as an internal control. (F–H) Histogram of optical density values of Bax, CYC, and CASP3 under Western blotting. (I) Immunofluorescence result of TUNEL staining showing the level of DNA damage in ischemic skin flaps. (J) Histogram showing the percentage of TUNEL-positive cells in two groups. (Significance: *p<0.05 and **p<0.01 vs the Control group. Data were presented as mean±SEM. n=6 per group).Abbreviations: CYC, cytochrome c; CASP3, Caspase 3; IHC, immunohistochemistry; Prava, pravastatin; SEM, standard error of the mean.

Prava ameliorated the oxidative stress in skin flap

Oxidative stress in skin flaps was evaluated by IHC for SOD1, Western blotting for SOD1, eNOS and HO1 expression, and content or activity analysis for SOD, GSH, and MDA. IHC for SOD1 expression was mainly performed in vascular endothelial and stromal cells in both groups (Figure 5A). After quantification, the integral absorbance of SOD1 expression in the dermis was increased in the Prava group compared with the Control group (p<0.001; Figure 5B). Western blotting for SOD1, eNOS, and HO1 showed that Prava treatment significantly increased SOD1, eNOS, and HO1 expression compared with the Control group (p=0.008, p=0.003, p=0.024, respectively; Figure 5C–H). In addition, mean SOD activity was significantly increased in the Prava group (60.00±12.00 U mg⁻¹·protein⁻¹) compared with the Control group (41.83±11.89 U mg⁻¹·protein⁻¹; p=0.025; Figure 5I). The mean GSH level was remarkably elevated in the Prava group compared with that in the Control group (2.32±0.44 nM mg⁻¹·protein⁻¹ vs 1.50±0.26 nM mg⁻¹·protein⁻¹; p=0.003; Figure 5J). Moreover, the mean MDA content in the Prava group was 38.00±6.82 nM mg⁻¹·protein⁻¹ compared with 53.00±7.38 nM mg⁻¹·protein⁻¹ in the Control group, with a significant difference (p=0.004; Figure 5K).

Figure 5 Prava ameliorated oxidative stress in ischemic skin flaps. (A) IHC for SOD1 mainly expressed in vessels and stromal cells in ischemic skin flaps (area II) (original magnification, ×200; scan bar, 50 μm). (B) Histogram of integral absorbances of SOD1 expression under IHC. (C–E) Western blotting for protein expression of SOD1, eNOS, and HO1, with GAPDH as an internal control. (F–H) Histogram of optical density values of SOD1, eNOS, and HO1 under Western blotting. (I) Histogram of SOD activities analyzed by the assay of the xanthine oxidase method. (J) Histogram of GSH levels analyzed via the assay of modified 5,5ʹ-dithiobis method. (K) Histogram of MDA content analyzed via the modified TBA test. (Significance: *p<0.05 and **p<0.01 vs the Control group. Data were expressed as mean±SEM. n=6 per group).Abbreviations: SOD1, superoxide dismutase 1; eNOS, endothelial nitric oxide synthase; HO1, heme oxygenase; MDA, malondialdehyde; TBA, thiobarbituric acid; GSH, glutathione; IHC, immunohistochemistry; Prava, pravastatin; SEM, standard error of the mean.

Discussion

Based on this current study, Prava is demonstrated to be a novel therapeutic strategy for the management of ischemic random skin flap. When Prava was performed after the operation of skin flap, the agent treatment led to improved angiogenesis, reduced apoptosis, decreased oxidative stress, and increased random skin flap survival.

Ischemic necrosis in distal portion is a common and influential complication after random skin flap.¹ The confluence of postoperative ischemia and subsequent ischemia reperfusion injury can cause necrosis of skin flaps, the pathology of which may stem from damage by free oxygen radials and cell apoptosis.²⁸ Based on these reasons, agents with antioxidant, anti-apoptosis, and pro-angiogenesis might promote random skin flap survival. However, few studies have investigated the therapeutic functions of Prava for random skin flap. The current study demonstrated that Prava significantly decreased ischemic necrosis in skin flaps.

After the operation, skin flaps undergoes plasma exudation, congestion and edema, and ischemia. After these primary steps, the angiogenesis process mainly starts and brings new blood flow, ameliorating ischemia and necrosis of skin flaps.²⁹ Prava has been reported to promote angiogenesis in endothelial cells by the activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway.¹⁶ In the present study, H&E staining and IHC of CD34 expression have shown higher MVD after Prava treatment. Consistent with higher blood flow according to LDBFI, we can hypothesize that Prava treatment improves vascularization in ischemic random skin flap and reduces necrosis. In the process of angiogenesis, MMP9 plays an essential role in the destruction of preexisting cell connections, VEGF is crucial proteins in mitosis of endothelial cells and Cadherin5 helps to form intercellular junctions which leads to maturation of new capillaries.^30–32 Therefore, we evaluated the expression levels of the three proteins. IHC analysis indicated that Prava promoted the levels of VEGF and Cadherin5 in ischemic flaps. Moreover, Western blotting also shows higher expression of MMP9, VEGF, and Cadherin5 in the random skin flap with Prava management. In a word, Prava enhances angiogenesis and reduces necrosis in ischemic flaps with increased MMP9, VEGF, and Cadherin5.

It is obvious that skin flap survival is damaged by ischemic reperfusion injury after the operation.⁷ In the ischemic flaps, angiogenesis and following blood supply not only bring oxygen, but also result in the production of oxygen free radical, leading to damage of oxidative stress.³³ In oxidative stress process, oxygen free radical acts on lipid peroxidation in cell membrane and invalidates proteins.^34,35 MDA is a reaction product of lipid peroxidation, which is proportional to the level of oxidative stress.³⁶ At the same time, several antioxidant substances are synthesized and secreted to reduce oxidant stress during the process, including GSH and SOD.³⁷ eNOS and HO1 are two enzymes with antioxidant activity. Yan et al had reported that statins could attenuate oxidative stress through regulating ERK1/2 pathway.¹² In this study, we have also demonstrated that Prava can increase the expression of SOD1, eNOS, and HO1 in ischemic flaps according to IHC and Western blotting results. Moreover, the levels of GSH and SOD were elevated and MDA content was reduced in skin flaps with Prava treatment. All of these results suggest that Prava inhibits oxidative stress in random skin flaps.

Furthermore, administration of Prava might result in less apoptosis of endothelial cells and decreased permeability, leading to less edema. Consistent with our result, Chen et al found that Prava inhibited apoptosis through PPAR-alpha-dependent pathway in rat NRK-52E renal tubular epithelial cells.¹⁵ The apoptosis process was observed with impairment in vascular endothelial cells and basal layer. The damage of vascular endothelium might lead to plasmatic permeability, marked congestion and edema, ischemia and necrosis.²⁹ In the process of apoptosis, the key step is mitochondrial swelling due to increased permeability of mitochondrial outer membranes, which is partly induced by Bax.^38,39 Following that, CYC is released from the mitochondria, participating in the formation of apoptosome.³⁹ Then CASP3 was activated through a cascade reaction, playing a role as an apoptosis executor which indicates the level of apoptosis in tissues.⁴⁰ Thus, we evaluated the expression of Bax, CYC, CASP3 via IHC and Western blotting in the present study. And the result showed that Prava reduced apoptosis in random skin flaps. Therefore, we infer that Prava decreases apoptosis through inhibiting the expression of Bax, CYC, and CASP3, leading to less necrosis of random skin flaps.

There are some limitations in our study. The information from the investigation has not provided the assessment about the possibility of long-term effects of Prava. And optimal drug dose, timing, and duration of management also need to be investigated by well-designed prospective randomized controlled trials in the future. Nevertheless, evidence from current studies demonstrates that Prava is a simple, safe, effective, and economical management to decrease skin flap necrosis.

Conclusion

The management of Prava is a promising strategy to promote survival of random skin flaps. It exhibits the anti-necrotic property through inducing angiogenesis, and inhibiting oxidative stress and apoptosis.