Synthesis, characterization, antitubercular and antibacterial activity, and molecular docking of 2,3-disubstituted quinazolinone derivatives

Introduction

Multidrug-resistant bacteria represent a significant health threat with many of the last-line treatment options losing their effectiveness. Despite this rising concern, only 22 new antibiotics were launched worldwide between 2000 and 2013. For drugs targeting Gram-negative pathogens, there has not been a compound approved with a novel mechanism in nearly half a century.¹

Tuberculosis (TB) ranks as the second leading cause of death from a single infectious agent, after human immunodeficiency virus. The TB mortality rate has decreased by 45% since 1990. In 2013, however, 1.5 million people died from TB. This is partly due to the increased resistance by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The number of people diagnosed with multidrug-resistant TB tripled between 2009 and 2013, with an estimated 210,000 people dying from multidrug-resistant TB in 2013. To make the conditions even worse, an estimated 9% of people with multidrug-resistant TB have extensive drug-resistant TB.² This report by World Health Organization necessitates increased efforts in the discovery and development of antitubercular agents.

Literature survey revealed the versatile biological activities of quinazolinone derivatives.^3,4 It has been established that quinazolinones possess antiviral,⁴ antifungal,⁵ antiallergic,⁶ antitumor,⁷ and antidiabetic activities.⁸ In the recent past, quinazolinones were reported to exhibit pronounced coronary vasodilatory⁹ and histamine receptor type 3 inverse agonism.¹⁰

Various researchers have reported the antibacterial activity of quinazolinone derivatives.^11–14 Subramaniam et al¹⁵ also evaluated the antibacterial and antitubercular activity of some quinazolinone derivatives. In the present study, 14 2,3-disubstitued quinazoline-4-one compounds were synthesized and their antibacterial and antitubercular activities were evaluated. The compounds were synthesized by varying the substitution pattern at the second and third positions of 1,3-benzoxazin-4-one and their in vitro antibacterial and antitubercular activities were evaluated.

Keeping this in view, the synthesized small molecules were docked against enoyl-acyl carrier protein reductase (InhA) of M. tuberculosis, which catalyzes the NADH-dependent reduction of the trans double bond between positions C2 and C3 of fatty acyl substrates. In addition, InhA prefers fatty acyl substrates of C16 or greater, consistent with it being a member of the mycobacterial FAS-II system.¹⁶ The docking was performed to predict the binding affinity of the synthesized quinazolinone derivatives against this enzyme. This will help to identify if there exists a relation between the binding affinity to InhA and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for quinazolinone-based antitubercular drugs. The docking can also generate useful information for further studies on the structure-based drug design of quinazolinone-based antitubercular drugs.

Experimental

All chemicals were purchased from Sigma Aldrich Co., (St Louis, MO, USA), Merck (Whitehouse Station, NJ, USA), Qualigens Fine Chemicals (Mumbai, India), Loba Chemie Pvt. Ltd (Mumbai, India), and Himedia Laboratories Pvt. Ltd (Mumbai, India). The melting points of the synthesized compounds were determined in an open capillary tube using digital melting point apparatus and are uncorrected. The homogeneity and purity of the compounds were ascertained by thin layer chromatography (TLC) on silica gel G-plates using cyclohexane:ethyl acetate (2:1) and the spots were visualized in UV chamber. Infrared spectra (υ cm⁻¹) were recorded on a SHIMADZU FT-IR 6000 using KBr disks. CHNO elemental analysis was carried out by a Perkin Elmer Series II 2400 CHNS/O Elemental analyzer. Mass spectra were obtained on a JEOL GC mate II GC- Mass spectrometer at 70 eV using direct insertion probe method. ¹H NMR spectra were taken on a BRUKER AVIII-500MHz FT–NMR spectrometer by using tetramethylsilane (TMS) as an internal standard and the solvent used was dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO).

Retrosynthetic analysis

The target structures were subjected to disconnection, which corresponds to the reverse of synthetic reaction, so as to convert the target structure to simpler precursor structures (synthons) without any assumptions regarding the starting materials. Each of the precursors so generated was then examined in the same way, and the process was repeated until simple or commercially available structures were obtained.

General synthetic procedures

Synthesis of 2-methyl-(4H)-benzo[1,3]oxazin-4-one

A mixture of anthranilic acid 1 (0.02 mol, 2.7242 g) in acetic anhydride 2 (2 mL) was heated for 1 hour; the excess solvent was then distilled off under reduced pressure. The reaction mixture was cooled, filtered, washed with petroleum ether, dried, and recrystallized with absolute ethanol to get 2-methyl-(4H)-benzo[1,3]oxazin-4-one 3 (Figure 2A). Completion of the reaction was determined by TLC using cyclohexane:ethyl acetate (2:1) as mobile phase.

Compound 3 (0.01 mol) and amino reagent 4 (0.02 mol) in ethanol (30 mL) were heated under reflux for 3 hours. Then, the reaction mixture was concentrated and the separated solid was dried and recrystallized with ethanol to get 2-methyl-4H-3-substituted quinazolin-4-one 5. The homogeneity and purity of the compounds were ascertained by TLC on silica gel G-plates using cyclohexane:ethyl acetate (2:1) and the spots were visualized using a UV chamber.

Synthesis of 2-phenyl-(4H)-benzo[1,3]oxazin-4-one

Anthranilic acid 1 (0.1 mol) was dissolved in pyridine (60 mL) and benzoyl chloride 6 (0.2 mol) was added. The mixture was stirred for 30 minutes followed by treatment with 5% NaHCO₃ (15 mL). The solid obtained was recrystallized with ethanol to get 2-phenyl-(4H)-benzo[1,3]oxazin-4-one 7 (Figure 2B). Completion of the reaction was determined by TLC using cyclohexane:ethyl acetate (2:1) as mobile phase.

Compound 7 and amino reagent 4 (0.02 mol) were refluxed for 3–4 hours in the presence of glacial acetic acid. The reaction mixture was kept overnight and the product obtained was recrystallized using ethanol to get 2-phenyl-4H-3-substituted quinazolin-4-one 8. The homogeneity and purity of the compounds were ascertained by TLC on silica gel G-plates using cyclohexane:ethyl acetate (2:1) and the spots were visualized using UV chamber.

By adopting the above synthetic procedures, compounds 5a, 5b, 5c, 5d, 5e, 5f, 5g, 8a, 8b, 8c, 8d, 8e, 8f, and 8g were also synthesized using different amino reagents. The seven amino reagents used are urea, thiourea, guanidine, metformin, isoniazid, phenyl hydrazine, and dinitrophenyl hydrazine.

The IUPAC and spectra details of the synthesized quinazolinones

2-Methyl-4-oxoquinazoline-3(4H)-carboxamide (5a)

Yield, 79%: mp 178°C–185°C; FT-IR (KBr): 2,978.4 (–CH₃), 1,689.8 (O=C–NH₂), 1,647.4 (C=N), 1,310 (3⁰ N), 1,294.3 (1⁰ N) cm⁻¹; ¹H NMR (DMSO): δ 7.00 (m, 4H, Ar-H), 3.0 (s, 3H, CH₃), 2.00 (s, 2H, NH₂) ppm; MS (m/z,%): 203.198 (M⁺).

2-Methyl-4-oxoquinazoline-3(4H)-carbothioamide (5b)

Yield, 92%: mp 189°C–196°C; FT-IR (KBr): 2,968.8 (–CH₃), 1,267.3 (C=S), 1,684.8 (O=C–NH₂), 1,647.4 (C=N), 1,310 (3⁰ N), 1,294.3 (1⁰ N) cm⁻¹; ¹H NMR (DMSO): δ 7.00 (m, 4H, Ar-H), 3.0 (s, 3H, CH₃), 2.00 (s, 2H, NH₂) ppm; MS (m/z,%): 219.262 (M⁺).

2-Methyl-4-oxoquinazoline-3(4H)-carboximidamide (5c)

Yield, 74%: mp 184°C–189°C; FT-IR (KBr): 2,972.67 (–CH₃), 1,676.3 (O=C–NH₂), 1,649.4 (C=N), 1,313.68 (3⁰ N), 1,302.11 (1⁰ N) cm⁻¹; ¹H NMR (DMSO): δ 7.00 (m, 4H, Ar-H), 3.0 (s, 3H, CH₃), 2.00 (s, 2H, NH₂), 2.47 (s, 1H, NH) ppm; MS (m/z,%): 202.246 (M⁺).

N-(dimethylcarbamimidoyl)-2- methyl-4-oxoquinazoline-3(4H)- carboximidamide (5d)

Yield, 89%: mp 195°C–202°C; FT-IR (KBr): 2,951.4 (–CH₃), 1,684.06 (O=C–NH₂), 1,647.4 (C=N), 1,270.7 (3⁰ N), 1,298.25 (2⁰ N) cm⁻¹; ¹H NMR (DMSO): δ 7.00 (m, 4H, Ar-H), 5.5 (s, 1H, NH), 3.2 (s, 9H, CH₃), 2.47 (m, 2H, NH) ppm; MS (m/z,%): 272.305 (M⁺).

N-(2-methyl-4-oxoquinazolin-3(4H)-yl)pyridine-4-carboxamide (5e)

Yield, 72%: mp 162°C–167°C; FT-IR (KBr): 2,988.8 (–CH₃), 1,682.13 (O=C–NH₂), 1,633.13 (C=N), 1,309.98 (3⁰ N), 1,275.10 (2⁰ N) cm⁻¹; ¹H NMR (DMSO): δ 7.28 (m, 8H, Ar-H), 3.0 (s, 3H, CH₃), 2.0 (s, 1H, NH) ppm; MS (m/z,%): 280.281 (M⁺).

2-Methyl-3-(phenylamino)quinazolin-4(3H)-one (5f)

Yield, 88%: mp 156°C–160°C; FT-IR (KBr): 2,972.67 (–CH₃), 1,689.8 (O=C–NH₂), 1,657.4 (C=N), 1,300.18 (3⁰ N), 1,325.26 (2⁰ N) cm⁻¹; ¹H NMR (DMSO): δ 6.5 (m, 9H, Ar-H), 3.0 (s, 3H, CH₃), 4.0 (s, 1H, Ar-NH) ppm; MS (m/z,%): 265.309 (M⁺).

3-[(2,4-Dinitrophenyl)amino]-2-methylquinazolin-4(3H)-one (5g)

Yield, 84%: mp 162°C–165°C; FT-IR (KBr): 2,953.38 (–CH₃), 1,508.52 (NO₂), 1,684.8 (O=C–NH₂), 1,647.41 (C=N), 1,310 (3⁰ N), 1,294.3 (2⁰ N) cm⁻¹; ¹H NMR (DMSO): δ 8.4 (m, 7H, Ar-H), 3.0 (s, 3H, CH₃), 4.0 (s, 1H, Ar-NH) ppm; MS (m/z,%): 355.504 (M⁺).

4-Oxo-2-phenylquinazoline-3(4H)-carboxamide (8a)

Yield, 78%: mp 275°C–280°C; FT-IR (KBr): 3,053.15 (C–H), 1,689.8 (O=C–NH₂), 1,647.4 (C=N), 1,310 (3⁰ N), 1,294.3 (1⁰ N) cm⁻¹; ¹H NMR (DMSO): δ 7.64 (m, 9H, Ar-H), 2.00 (s, 2H, NH₂) ppm; MS (m/z,%): 265.225 (M⁺).

4-Oxo-2-phenylquinazoline-3(4H)-carbothioamide (8b)

Yield, 92%: mp 282°C–286°C; FT-IR (KBr): 3,029.6 (C–H), 1,267.3 (C=S), 1,684.8 (O=C–NH₂), 1,647.4 (C=N), 1,310 (3⁰ N), 1,294.3 (1⁰ N) cm⁻¹; ¹H NMR (DMSO): δ 7.00 (m, 9H, Ar-H), 2.00 (s, 2H, NH₂) ppm; MS (m/z,%): 281.262 (M⁺).

4-Oxo-2-phenylquinazoline-3(4H)-carboximidamide (8c)

Yield, 64%: mp 187°C–190°C; FT-IR (KBr): 3,047.90 (C–H), 1,653.20 (O=C–NH₂), 1,639.5 (C=N), 1,344.35 (3⁰ N), 1,327.19 (1⁰ N) cm⁻¹; ¹H NMR (DMSO): δ 7.00 (m, 9H, Ar-H), 2.00 (s, 2H, NH₂), 2.47 (s, 1H, NH) ppm; MS (m/z,%): 264.28 (M⁺).

N-(dimethylcarbamimidoyl)-4-oxo-2-phenylquinazoline-3(4H)-carboximidamide (8d)

Yield, 88%: mp 218°C–221°C; FT-IR (KBr): 3,037.95 (C–H), 1,684.06 (O=C–NH₂), 1,647.4 (C=N), 1,325.20 (3⁰ N), 1,300.18 (2⁰ N) cm⁻¹; ¹H NMR (DMSO): δ 7.45 (m, 9H, Ar-H), 2.95 (s, 6H, CH₃), 5.5 (s, 1H, NH), 2.45 (m, 2H, NH) ppm; MS (m/z,%): 334.375 (M⁺).

N-(4-oxo-2-phenylquinazolin-3(4H)-yl)pyridine-4-carboxamide (8e)

Yield, 72%: mp 162°C–167°C; FT-IR (KBr): 3,048.8 (C–H), 1,682.13 (O=C–NH₂), 1,633.13 (C=N), 1,359.98 (3⁰ N), 1,275.10 (2⁰ N) cm⁻¹; ¹H NMR: δ 8.2 (m, 13H, Ar-H), 2(s, 1H, NH) ppm; MS (m/z,%): 342.375 (M⁺).

2-Phenyl-3-(phenylamino)quinazolin-4(3H)-one (8f)

Yield, 68%: mp 198°C–201°C; FT-IR (KBr): 3,027.44 (C–H), 1,689.8 (O=C–NH₂), 1,657.4 (C=N), 1,300.18 (3⁰ N) 1,325.26 (2⁰ N) cm⁻¹; ¹H NMR: δ 6.8 (m, 14H, Ar-H), 4.0 (s, 1H, Ar-NH) ppm; MS (m/z,%): 313.352 (M⁺).

3-[(2,4-Dinitrophenyl)amino]-2-phenylquinazolin-4(3H)-one (8g)

Yield, 74%: mp 169°–172 °C; FT-IR (KBr): 3,030.44 (C–H), 1,508.52 (–NO₂), 1,684.8 (O=C–NH₂), 1,647.41 (C=N), 1,310 (3⁰ N), 1,294.3 (2⁰ N) cm⁻¹; ¹H NMR: δ 8.4 (m, 12H, Ar-H), 4.0 (s, 1H, Ar-NH) ppm; MS (m/z,%): 403.347 (M⁺).

Antitubercular activity

The synthesized quinazolinones were screened for antitubercular activity using the microplate Alamar blue assay method. Accordingly, each quinazolinone was screened against M. tuberculosis H37 RV strain in the Middlebrook 7H9 (MB 7H9) broth using streptomycin and pyrazinamide as standard drugs at concentrations of 6.25 and 3.125 μg/mL, respectively.

An amount of 200 μL of sterile deionized water was added to all outer perimeter wells of a sterile 96-well plate to minimize evaporation of the medium in the test wells during incubation. The 96-well plate received 100 μL of the MB 7H9 broth and serial dilution of compounds was made directly on plate. The final drug concentrations tested were 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, 1.6, 3.125, 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50, and 100 μg/mL. Plates were covered and sealed with Parafilm and incubated at 37°C for 5 days. After this time, 25 μL of freshly prepared 1:1 mixture of Alamar blue reagent and 10% Tween 80 was added to the plate and incubated for 24 hours. A blue color in the well was interpreted as no bacterial growth, and pink color was scored as growth. The MIC, which is the required concentration to inhibit 90% of the standardized bacterial inoculums, was defined as the lowest drug concentration which prevented the color change from blue to pink.¹⁷

Antibacterial activity

The antibacterial activity of the synthesized quinazolinones was evaluated using agar cup plate method. Accordingly, the compounds were screened against Gram-negative organisms, namely, E. coli and Klebsiella and Gram-positive organisms S. albus and Streptococcus pyogenes using the MIC method. Ciprofloxacin was employed as a reference standard to compare the results.

Brain heart infusion agar was used at room temperature. The required colonies were transferred to the plates and the turbidity was adjusted visually with broth to equal that of a 0.5 McFarland turbidity standard that has been vortexed. The entire surface of agar plate was swabbed three times, rotating plates ~60° between streaking to ensure even distribution. The inoculated plate was allowed to stand for at least 5 minutes before applying disks.

A 5 mm hollow tube was heated, pressed on the inoculated agar plate, and removed immediately five times by making five wells in the plate. Subsequently, 75, 50, 25, 10, and 5 μL of the synthesized compounds were added into the respective wells on each plate. The plates were incubated within 15 minutes of compounds application for 24 hours at 37°C in incubator. The diameter of inhibition zone was measured to the nearest whole millimeter by holding the measuring device. According to the MIC procedure, the serial dilution was repeated up to 10⁻⁹ dilution for each synthesized quinazolinone.^18,19

Molecular docking

Preparation of the macromolecule

The 3D crystal structure of M. tuberculosis InhA in complex with 1-cyclohexyl-N-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-5-oxopyrrolidine-3-carboxamide (PDB code: 4TZK) was retrieved from the RCSB protein data bank.²⁰ The dock prep tool of UCSF chimera version 1.10.1 for Mac was used to prepare the enzyme for docking.²¹ Eventually, Python Prescription (PyRx) 0.8 for Mac was used to save the macromolecule in pdbqt format, which contains hydrogen atoms in all polar residues.²²

Ligand preparation

The 2D chemical structures of the ligands were prepared using ChemBioDraw 14.0.0.117 for Mac (Cambridge, MA, USA).²³ The 2D chemical structures were converted into the respective 3D structures using the Open Babel of PyRx 0.8 virtual screening tool for Mac. After energy minimization of each ligand using Uff force field of the Open Babel, the ligands were converted into autodock ligands.

Docking validation

The ligand from the active site of the crystal structure of InhA was removed using UCSF Chimera for Mac. After the ligand was redocked, the alignment between the docked ligand and the ligand from the crystal structure was done using MacPyMOL (New York, NY, USA).²⁴

Molecular docking

Docking was performed using PyRx autodock vina.²⁵ The results were quantified in terms of free binding energy (ΔG). The highest binding energy values corresponding to the RMSD value of zero were considered as the binding affinity value of the ligands. The postdock analysis was made using PyMOL and UCSF chimera.

Results and discussion

Synthesis

Applying retrosynthetic analysis suggested the use of substituted primary amines, anthranilic acid, and acetic anhydride for the synthesis of 2-methyl-(4H)3-substituted quinazolin-4-one. The same strategy suggested the use of substituted primary amine, anthranilic acid, and benzoyl chloride for the synthesis of 2-phenyl-(4H)3-substituted quinazolin-4-one (Figure 1).

Figure 1 Retrosynthetic analysis of (A) 2-methyl-(4H)3-substituted quinazolin-4-one and (B) 2-phenyl-(4H)3-substituted quinazolin-4-one.

Compounds 5a–g were synthesized by condensation of 2-methyl-4H-benzo[d][1.3]oxazin-4-one with primary amines (4a–g) in alcohol (Figure 2A). Compounds 8a–g, on the other hand, were synthesized by condensation of 2-phenyl-4H-benzo[d][1,3]oxazin-4-one with primary amines (4a–g) in the presence of glacial acetic acid (Figure 2B). The method required mild experimental conditions and the yields were satisfactory.

Figure 2 General synthetic route for (A) 2-methyl(4H)3-substituted quinazolin-4-one and (B) 2-phenyl(4H)3-substituted quinazolin-4-one.

The proposed scheme led to compounds which are in conformity with the structure envisioned. Structural confirmation was done by using the spectral and analytical data from Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), proton nuclear magnetic resonance (¹H NMR), and mass spectrometry (MS). In all cases, the products were obtained in pure form. Moreover, they were purified by recrystallization from ethanol.

Different synthetic routes for compounds 5c,²⁶ 5e,²⁷ 5g,²⁸ and 8c²⁶ are available. Moreover, synthesis and biological activities other than antibacterial and antitubercular activity of compounds 5a,^29,30 5b,³⁰ 5e,³¹ 5f,³² 8a,³⁰ 8b,³⁰ and 8e^31,33 have been previously reported.

Antibacterial and antitubercular activity

All the synthesized quinazolinones were screened for their antitubercular activity according to microplate Alamar blue assay method (Table 1). It is interesting to note that synthesized compounds 5a–e and 8a–c exhibited MICs at a concentration ranging from 6.25 to 100 μg/mL. The rest of the compounds 5f–g and 8d–g exhibited no antitubercular activity at the studied concentration interval. Accordingly, the presence of amido, thioamido, and guanidino groups at 3-position of quinazolinone nucleus, as in compounds 5a–c and 8a–c, may be necessary for the antitubercular activity. In particular, a thioamido or guanidino group can greatly increase the antitubercular activity of quinazolinones, as noted by 6.25 μg/mL MIC value for compounds 5b and 8c.

Table 1 The antitubercular activity (minimum inhibitory concentration [MIC] values and the binding affinities to InhA) for quinazolinone derivatives Abbreviation: InhA, enoyl-acyl carrier protein reductase.

In addition, all the synthesized quinazolinones were screened for their antibacterial activity using agar cup plate method. Accordingly, ciprofloxacin sensitive at 10 μg/mL for Staphylococcus albus and Streptococcus pyogenes are 26 and 24 mm of zone of inhibition, respectively. Ciprofloxacin sensitive at 10 μg/mL for Escherichia coli and Klebsiella are 32 and 30 mm of zone of inhibition, respectively. The antibacterial activity of the synthesized quinazolinones in comparison with ciprofloxacin is shown in Figures 3–6. Compounds 5g (13 mm) and 8d (11 mm) exhibited significant antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria at 10 μg/mL concentration. This result showed the importance of 2,4-dinitrophenyl hydrazine or N,N–dimethyl guanidinyl group at 3-position of quinazolinones for activity against Gram-positive bacteria. However, the general activity of the synthesized quinazolinones against Gram-negative bacteria was found to be low.

Figure 3 The antibacterial activity of compounds 5a–g against Gram-positive bacteria, Staphylococcus albus and Streptococcus pyogenes. Abbreviation: std, standard.

Figure 4 The antibacterial activity of compounds 5a–g against Gram-negative bacteria, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella. Abbreviation: std, standard.

Figure 5 The antibacterial activity of compounds 8a–g against Gram-positive bacteria, Staphylococcus albus and Streptococcus pyogenes. Abbreviation: std, standard.

Figure 6 The antibacterial activity of compounds 8a–g against Gram-negative bacteria, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella.

Molecular docking

The quality of prepared macromolecule

Ramachandran plot, which is a commonly used indicator of quality of a model, of prepared macromolecule was obtained using RAMPAGE.³⁴ The percentage of residues in the favored region and allowed region was 96.6% and 3.4%, respectively. Moreover, the number of residues in outlier region was zero (Figure 7).

Figure 7 Ramachandran plot for the analysis of ψ and φ torsion angles for all residues on the macromolecule prepared for docking.

The Structural Analysis and Verification Server was also used for checking and validation of the protein structure.³⁵ The ERRAT analysis gave an overall quality factor of 96.54%, which is acceptable as high resolution structures generally produce values around 95% or higher. In VERIFY3D result, 96.64% of the residues had an averaged 3D-1D score ≥0.2. This value is higher than the pass value, which is at least 80% of the amino acids with a score ≥0.2 in the 3D-1D profile.

Docking

The docking validation showed that the X-ray crystallographic conformer was nearly identical with the docked conformer, as deducted from the alignment of the two structures with an RMSD value of 0.057 Å (Figure 8).

Figure 8 The alignment of the docked ligand on the X-ray crystal ligand in the active site of InhA. Abbreviation: InhA, enoyl-acyl carrier protein reductase.

The binding energy of each ligand against InhA macromolecule was predicted using autodock vina, which is one of the most commonly used docking software. In the docking procedure, eight binding poses were obtained, and the binding pose with the highest binding energy corresponding to the RMSD value of zero was considered as the binding affinity value of the ligand. From 2-methyl quinazolinone series, compound 5g (−9.3 kcal/mol) showed the highest binding energy. The 2-phenyl quinazolinone series, however, showed better binding energy than the 2-methyl quinazolinone series. In particular, compounds 8e (−9.8 kcal/mol) and 8g (−9.6 kcal/mol) showed the highest binding energy among all synthesized quinazolinones.

The amino acid residues interacting with the quinazolinone derivatives are given in Table 2. With the exception of compounds 5d and 5f, all derivatives in the 2-methyl series showed hydrogen bond interactions. Compound 5g, the most active in 2-methyl series, showed two hydrogen bond interactions (Figure 9A) and many hydrophobic contacts with different amino acid residues in the binding site.

Table 2 Summary of the residues interacting with quinazolinone derivatives Note: *Indicates the number of hydrogen bonds (HB).

Figure 9 (A) Hydrogen bond (HB) interactions of compound 5g and (B) HB interactions and hydrophobic contact of compound 8c in the binding site of InhA. Note: The magenta lines show the hydrogen bond and the hydrophobic contacts are shown in yellow lines. Abbreviation: InhA, enoyl-acyl carrier protein reductase.

In general, the 2-phenyl series of quinazolinones were found to have more binding affinity than the 2-methyl series. This is due in part to an increased number of hydrophobic contacts with the amino acids of the binding site or stronger hydrophobic interaction of a 2-phenyl moiety with I20, F40, F148, and G191. In addition, the benzene ring of quinazolinone is also involved in a more hydrophobic interaction with Y157, M198, and I214 residues than the same moiety in the 2-methyl series. The most active compound was compound 8e, which showed two hydrogen bonding interactions and more hydrophobic contacts with amino acid residues, such as F40 and G95 (Figure 9B).

Conclusion and recommendations

The results of antitubercular activity testing revealed that quinazolinone compounds 5a–e and 8a–c exhibited significant activity. Amido, thioamido, imidamido, N,N-dimethyl guanidinyl, and N-pyridoyl moieties at 3-position of quinazolinone were found to increase antitubercular activity. A further synthesis and evaluation of compounds having these moieties may lead to a much more potent antitubercular agent.

The quinazolinone compounds 5g and 8d exhibited significant activity against Gram-positive bacteria, which may be due to the presence of N-phenyl (5g) and N,N-dimethyl guanidinyl moieties at 3-position. However, the activity of the synthesized quinazolinones against Gram-negative bacteria was low. A further synthetic work on derivatives with potential to be ionized is important, so as to increase activity against Gram-negative bacteria.

Acknowledgments

The authors are grateful for the material support received from Sri Padmavathi School of Pharmacy and University of Gondar. The authors are also grateful for the authorities of UCSF chimera, PyRx, and PyMOL for providing free software.

Disclosure

The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.

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