Role of chymase in the local renin-angiotensin system in keloids: inhibition of chymase may be an effective therapeutic approach to treat keloids

Introduction

Keloid scars result from the overgrowth of granulation tissue at the site of wound healing. Histologically, keloids contain excess fibroblasts and an overabundance of dermal collagen. Some of the pathogenic factors that have been implicated are listed and include race, age, tension, inheritance, immunity, apoptosis, cytokines, fibroblasts, virus, infection, and etc.¹ In general, conservative treatment and corticosteroid injections should be used for treating keloids. However, after surgery, the scar can regenerate and extend to a greater range than preoperatively. Normally, surgery is not recommended; however, in some cases surgery is inevitable when the keloids do not respond to less invasive treatment.² The pathological mechanisms underlying keloids and effective treatment strategies remain challenging problems.

Recently, Dong et al³ reported that chymase induced a profibrotic response via transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1)/Smad activation in keloid fibroblasts (KFs). As a vital component of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), chymase plays a key role in generating angiotensin II (Ang II) rather than affecting angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE).^4,5 In the local RAS, chymase can catalyze the formation of Ang II, which in turn can upregulate TGF-β1, TNF-α (tumor necrosis factor alpha), PDGF (platelet-derived growth factor), and other cytokines to promote the pathogenesis of fibrosis,^6–9 resulting in the deposition of extracellular matrix and fibrosis in organs and tissues. However, the role of chymase in the local RAS present in keloids remains unknown.

Chymase (optimal pH between 7 and 9) exists in mast cells,¹⁰ endothelial cells,¹¹ mesenchymal cells,¹² and intercellular matrix,¹³ and has a higher specificity for the conversion of Ang I to Ang II.¹⁴ Its activity can be depressed by some chymase inhibitors such as chymostatin, soybean trypsin inhibitor, PMSF, ZIGPFM, TPCK, and TJK002. The inhibition of chymase by using chymase inhibitors could be a useful method for some diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and etc. Chymase is synthesized as an inactive prochymase and is stored in mast cells. Following tissue injury or insult, chymase is secreted into the extracellular matrix (pH 7.4) and is activated by dipeptidyl peptidase I. Chymase has no enzymatic activity in mast cells (low pH, pH 5.5) present in normal tissues, but has activity only when it is secreted into the extracellular matrix (pH 7.4).^15–18 In other words, chymase inhibitors cannot target normal tissues, because the chymase is inactive (with low pH). Different inhibitors have different mechanisms in chymase inhibition; these could be protein expression or enzyme activity. Therefore, chymase inhibitors may be a safe and effective choice to treat keloids when chymase becomes active and secretes into extracellular matrix (with high pH, and activates chymase).

In the present research, we compared the expression and activity of chymase in keloids and normal skin tissue, and studied any alternations after treatment with inhibitors of chymase and other factors, with a focus on the role of chymase in the local RAS. An understanding of the role of chymase in the local RAS in keloids, which has not yet been reported, can provide new insights into keloid formation and its treatment.

Materials and methods

This study was approved by the Clinical Test and Biomedical Ethics Branch of the West China Hospital of Sichuan University. Informed consent forms were signed by all participants.

Tissue collection and storage

Keloid tissues were obtained from eight male and 12 female patients (range: 18–60 years), who exhibited continuous growth of pathologically proven keloid scars beyond the margin or surgery, at least 6 months after injury. Normal skin was obtained as control samples from nine males and eleven females (range: 18–66 years) who underwent plastic surgery with redundant skin grafting (Table 1).

Table 1 Sources of human keloid and normal skin tissues Abbreviations: F, female; M, male.

A part of each skin sample was immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at −70°C until required for Western blotting. The rest of the skin sample was washed with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and were ready for cell culture.

Cell culture and treatment

Methods of isolation, propagation, and freezing of fibroblasts have been previously reported.¹⁹ Cells were cultured in Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s Medium (DMEM) (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) with 10% fetal calf serum (FCS) (Thermo Fisher Scientific) at 37°C under a humidified atmosphere of 95% air and 5% CO₂. The medium was changed every 3 days, and when the cells reached 80%–90% confluence, they were passaged with 0.05% trypsin (Thermo Fisher Scientific). Fibroblasts in the third to sixth passage were used in our experiments.

KFs and normal fibroblasts (NFs) were grown in 10% FCS DMEM until subconfluency. Next, the medium was changed to DMEM without FCS for serum depletion. After 24 hours, the following treatment was employed: 1) KFs and NFs were separately treated with fresh DMEM without FCS, containing Ang I 10⁻² μmol/L and chymase at either 7.5 μg/L, 15 μg/L, 30 μg/L, or 60 μg/L (R&D Systems, Inc., Minneapolis, MN, USA); 2) KFs were treated with the mast cell supernates without FCS containing chymostatin (100 μmol/L or 1,000 μmol/L) (Enzo Life Sciences, Inc.), captopril (100 μmol/L or 1,000 μmol/L) (Enzo Life Sciences, Inc.), chymostatin (1,000 μmol/L) + captopril (1,000 μmol/L), or valsartan (10⁻⁵ mol/L, 10⁻⁶ mol/L, and 10⁻⁷ mol/L). After incubation for 48 hours, the cells were harvested for real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blotting, and the supernates for enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and biochemical measurements.

Biochemical measurements

The level of Ang II and the activity of chymase and ACE were measured by Iodine (¹²⁵I) using Ang II radioimmunoassay kit (Beijing North Institute of Biological Technology, People’s Republic of China).

Detection of hydroxyproline

Hydroxyproline is an amino acid characteristic of collagen and related glycoproteins, which were undertaken on biopsies of pathologic and clinically normal human skin. Therefore, we employed hydroxyproline as the biomarker for keloid. After treatment with chymase (7.5 μg/L, 15 μg/L, 30 μg/L, and 60 μg/L) for 48 hours, the expression of hydroxyproline performed according to the instruction of human hydroxyproline ELISA kit. The limit of detection of this ELISA kit can be also found in the instruction.

Quantitative RT-PCR

Total RNA was isolated from cells using RNAiso Plus (TaKaRa Code: D9108A; TaKaRa Biotechnology Dalian Co., Ltd.), and the purity of the extracted RNA was determined at optical densities between 260 nm and 280 nm. The primers were as follows: IL-1β (GEO ID: NM_000576.2) primers, forward, 5′-TGATGGCTTATTACAGTGGCAATG-3′, reverse, 5′-GTAGTGGTGGTGGGA GATTCG-3′; TGF-β1 (GEO ID: NM_000660.5) primers, forward, 5′-GGAAACCCAC AACGAAATCTATG-3′, reverse, 5′-CGCCAGGAATTGTTGCTGTA-3′; COL1α1 (GEO ID: NM_000088.3) primers, forward, 5′-CCTCAAGGGCTCCAACGAG-3′, reverse, 5′-TCAATCACTGTCTTGCCCCA-3′; GAPDH (GEO ID: NM_002046.5) primers, forward, 5′-TGGTATCGTGGAAGGACTCATGAC-3′, reverse, 5′-ATGCCAGTGAGCTTCCCGTTCAGC-3′.

Quantitative RT-PCR (QRT-PCR) was conducted using SYBR^® RT-PCR kit (TaKaRa Code: DRR096A; TaKaRa Biotechnology Dalian Co., Ltd.), according to the manufacturer’s instructions.

QRT-PCR was performed with an iCycler iQ™ Real-Time PCR Detection System (Bio-Rad Laboratories Inc., Hercules, CA, USA) and universal cycling conditions (2 minutes at 50°C, 10 minutes at 95°C, 40 cycles of 15 seconds at 95°C, and 1 minute at 60°C). Dissociation curves were recorded after each run.

Western blotting

Western blot analyses of skin extracts²⁰ and whole cell lysates were prepared as previously described.²¹ The protein concentration was measured using a BCA protein assay kit (Beyotime, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China). The proteins in 20 μg of whole cell lysate were directly separated by 10% SDS-PAGE gel electrophoresis and transferred to nitrocellulose membranes. Membranes were blocked for 1 hour with PBS containing 0.1% (v/v) Tween 20 and 5% (w/v) nonfat milk proteins. Blocked membranes were then incubated with mouse anti-human chymase monoclonal antibody (1:2,000, Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc., Dallas, TX, USA), mouse anti-human ACE monoclonal antibody (1:3,000, Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc.), rabbit anti-human TGF-β1 polyclonal antibody (1:1,000, Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc.), mouse anti-human IL-1β monoclonal antibody (1:3,000, Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc.), and mouse anti-human COLIα1 monoclonal antibody (1:4,000, Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc.) overnight at 4°C, and washed three times (15 minutes each) with PBS containing 0.1% Tween 20, and incubated with the rabbit anti-mouse or goat anti-rabbit secondary antibody (1:2,000, Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc.) for 1 hour at room temperature. The bands were visualized using Superstar ECL Plus (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc.). The band intensities were quantified using Quantity One, and the quantity of the proteins was expressed as ratio of the over total protein content in each sample.

ELISA

The supernates were collected 48 hours after cell treatment, centrifuged to remove any detached cells, and stored at −20°C for subsequent analysis. In this study, human hydroxyproline was analyzed by ELISA assay. ELISA analysis was performed according to the manufacturer’s instructions of human hydroxyproline ELISA kit (R&D Systems, Inc.).

Statistical analysis

Statistical significance was estimated using Student’s t-test and one-way ANOVA. Mean differences were considered to be significant when P<0.05. The results are presented as the mean ± SD.

Results

Increased expression and activity of chymase in KFs

Skin specimens were obtained from 20 keloid patients with a mean age of 33 years (range: 18–60 years) and 20 normal controls with a mean age of 48 years (range: 18–66 years). The expression of chymase and ACE in keloids and normal skin tissues were measured using Western blotting (Figure 1A). The results showed that chymase and ACE in keloids tissue were significantly higher compared to that in the normal skin (P<0.05) (Figure 1B). Furthermore, the expression of chymase in keloid was six times higher than in normal skin (P<0.05), and the expression of ACE in keloid was four times higher (P<0.05).

Figure 1 Increased expression and activity of chymase and ACE in keloid and normal skin tissue. Notes: (A) Expression of chymase and ACE was tested by Western blotting. The four left lanes were from normal skin tissues, and the four right lanes were from keloid tissues; (B) chymase and ACE in keloids tissue were expressed at higher levels than in normal skin (P<0.05); (C) activity of chymase in keloids was significantly increased (P<0.05). All values are mean ± SD. *P<0.05, **P<0.01 represent the chymase and ACE expression or activity in keloid tissues compared to that in normal tissues. Abbreviations: ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme; GAPDH, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase; SD, standard deviation.

Next, we compared the activity of chymase and ACE in keloids and normal skin tissues, using radioimmunoassay. We found that the activity of chymase in keloids was significantly increased (P<0.05) (Figure 1C).

Effects of chymase on expression of TGF-β1, IL-1β, and COL1 in NFs and KFs

Fibroblasts were treated with chymase (7.5 μg/L, 15 μg/L, 30 μg/L, and 60 μg/L) for 48 hours. The mRNA expression of TGF-β1, IL-1β, and COL1 was examined by QRT-PCR, and protein expression tested using Western blotting. We found that treatment with chymase significantly stimulated mRNA activity (Figure 2A) compared to the baseline (7.5 μg/L chymase) of TGF-β1 (with value of 1.8), IL-1β (with value of 1.5), and COL1 (with value of 2.1) (P<0.05) in KFs, respectively. Treatment with chymase also significantly stimulated protein expression compared to the baseline (0 μg/L chymase) of TGF-β1, IL-1β, and COL1 in KFs (Figure 3A) (P<0.05).

Figure 2 mRNA expression of TGF-β1, IL-1β, and COL1 in KFs and NFs. Notes: Fibroblasts were treated with chymase (7.5 μg/L, 15 μg/L, 30 μg/L, and 60 μg/L) for 48 hours, and the mRNA expression was examined by QRT-PCR. (A) Treatment with chymase significantly stimulated the mRNA expression of TGF-β1, IL-1β, and COL1 in the KFs (P<0.05); (B) treatment with chymase enhanced the mRNA expression of TGF-β1, IL-1β, and COL1 in the NFs (P<0.05). All values are mean ± SD. *P<0.05, **P<0.01 represent the TGF-β1, IL-1β, and COL1 mRNA expression compared to the baseline levels when treated with 7.5 μg/L chymase. Abbreviations: COL1, collagen I; GAPDH, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase; IL-1β, interleukin-1β; KFs, keloid fibroblasts; NFs, normal fibroblasts; QRT-PCR, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction; SD, standard deviation; TGF-β1, transforming growth factor-β1.

Figure 3 Western blot analysis of the protein expression of TGF-β1, IL-1β, and COL1 in KFs and NFs. Notes: Fibroblasts were treated with chymase (7.5 μg/L, 15 μg/L, 30μg/L, and 60 μg/L) for 48 hours, and then the protein expression was examined by Western blotting. (A and C) Co-culture with chymase stimulated the protein expression of TGF-β1, IL-1β, and COL1 in the KFs (P<0.05); (B and C) co-culture with chymase stimulated the protein expression of TGF-β1, IL-1β, and COL1 in the NFs (P<0.05). All values are mean ± SD. *P<0.05, **P<0.01 represent the TGF-β1, IL-1β, and COL1 protein expression compared to the baseline levels when treated with 0 μg/L or 7.5 μg/L chymase. Abbreviations: COL1, collagen I; GAPDH, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase; IL-1β, interleukin-1β; KFs, keloid fibroblasts; NFs, normal fibroblasts; SD, standard deviation; TGF-β1, transforming growth factor-β1.

As shown in Figure 2B, the results indicated that treatment with chymase significantly stimulated the protein expression compared to the baseline (7.5 μg/L chymase) of TGF-β1 (with value of 0.3), IL-1β (with value of 0.35), and COL1 (with value of 0.4) (P<0.05) in NFs, respectively. Furthermore, Figure 3B also showed that the expression of TGF-β1, IL-1β, and COL1 in NFs was upregulated significantly after chymase treatment (P<0.05).

According to Figure 2A and B, we found that the amount of increased mRNA expression of TGF-β1, IL-1β, and COL1 in KFs illustrated many fold of that in NFs. In Figure 3A, B and C, the amount of protein expression of TGF-β1, IL-1β, and COL1 in KFs also illustrate many fold of that in NFs. Therefore, these results suggest that the effects of KFs are higher compared to that of NFs.

Chymase promotes expression of hydroxyproline in NF and KF supernates

After treatment with chymase (7.5 μg/L, 15 μg/L, 30 μg/L, and 60 μg/L) for 48 hours, the expression of hydroxyproline was determined using a human hydroxyproline ELISA kit. A trend for increased expression of hydroxyproline was seen both in NFs and KFs (Figure 4). The hydroxyproline level was significantly increased in chymase (15 μg/L, 30 μg/L, and 60 μg/L)-treatment group compared to no-chymase-treatment group (the baseline, 7.8 μg/mL of hydroxyproline) in KFs. Meanwhile, the hydroxyproline level was also significantly increased in chymase (30 μg/L and 60 μg/L)-treatment group compared to no-chymase-treatment group (the baseline, 6.1 μg/mL of hydroxyproline) in NFs. Furthermore, there was no significant differences between cultured KFs without added chymase and cultured NFs without added chymase (P>0.05).

Figure 4 Expression of hydroxyproline in NF and KF supernates measured by ELISA. Notes: A trend for increased expression of hydroxyproline was seen both in NFs and KFs after treatment with chymase (7.5 μg/L, 15 μg/L, 30 μg/L, and 60 μg/L) for 48 hours. All values are mean ± SD. Asterisk indicates significant differences (P<0.05) compared to the hydroxyproline level (without chymase treatment, 0 μg/L). Abbreviations: KFs, keloid fibroblasts; NFs, normal fibroblasts; ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; SD, standard deviation.

Chymase enhances expression of Ang II in NFs and KF supernates

To estimate the activity of chymase in NFs and KFs, we examined the expression of Ang II using radioimmunoassay. When chymase was added, the expression of Ang II increased both in NFs and KFs (Figure 5). The Ang II level was significantly increased in chymase (7.5 μg/L, 15 μg/L, 30 μg/L, and 60 μg/L)-treatment group compared to no-chymase-treatment group (the baseline, 194 pg/mL of Ang II) in KFs. Moreover, the Ang II was also significantly increased in chymase (30 μg/L and 60 μg/L)-treatment group compared to no-chymase-treatment group (the baseline, 181 pg/mL of Ang II) in NFs.

Figure 5 Expression of Ang II in the NF and KF supernates measured by radio-immunoassay. Notes: When chymase (7.5 μg/L, 15 μg/L, 30 μg/L, and 60 μg/L) was added, the expression of Ang II increased both in NFs and KFs. Furthermore, there were no significant differences between keloids and the NFs + chymase 30 μg/L group (P>0.05) in the expression of Ang II. All values are mean ± SD. Asterisk indicates significant differences (P<0.05) compared to the Ang II level (without chymase treatment, 0 μg/L). Abbreviations: Ang II, angiotensin II; KFs, keloid fibroblasts; NFs, normal fibroblasts; SD, standard deviation.

Furthermore, we found that there were no significant differences between cultured KFs without added chymase and cultured NFs without added chymase (P>0.05) in the expression of Ang II.

Effects of inhibitors on expression of TGF-β1, IL-1β, and COL1 in KFs

KFs were treated with chymostatin (100 μmol/L or 1,000 μmol/L), captopril (100 μmol/L or 1,000 μmol/L), chymostatin (1,000 μmol/L) + captopril (1,000 μmol/L), or valsartan (10⁻⁵ mol/L, 10⁻⁶ mol/L, 10⁻⁷ mol/L) for 48 hours. We tested both mRNA and the protein expression of TGF-β1, IL-1β, and COL1 as previously mentioned (vide supra). The expression of TGF-β1, IL-1β, and COL1 were downregulated in all groups (Figure 6). Chymostatin (1,000 μmol/L), chymostatin (1,000 μmol/L) + captopril (1,000 μmol/L), and valsartan (10⁻⁵ mol/L) showed the most profound inhibitory effect on the expression of TGF-β1, IL-1β, and COL1 in KFs (P<0.05).

Figure 6 mRNA and protein expression of TGF-β1, IL-1β, and COL1 in KFs. Notes: After treatment with chymostatin (100 μmol/L or 1,000 μmol/L), captopril (100 μmol/L or 1,000 μmol/L), chymostatin (1,000 μmol/L) + captopril (1,000 μmol/L), or valsartan (10−5 mol/L, 10−6 mol/L, 10−7 mol/L) for 48 hours, the expression of TGF-β1, IL-1β, and COL1 were downregulated in all groups. Chymostatin (1,000 μmol/L), chymostatin (1,000 μmol/L) + captopril (1,000 μmol/L), and valsartan (10−5 mol/L) had a significant inhibitory effect on the expression of TGF-β1, IL-1β, and COL1 in KFs (P<0.05). (A) The mRNA expression was tested by QRT-PCR; (B and C) the protein expression was tested by Western blotting. All values are mean ± SD. *P<0.05, **P<0.01 represent the mRNA or protein expression compared to the KFs group. Abbreviations: COL1, collagen I; IL-1β, interleukin-1β; KFs, keloid fibroblasts; QRT-PCR, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction; SD, standard deviation; TGF-β1, transforming growth factor-β1.

Effects of inhibitors on expression of hydroxyproline in KF supernates

Using a human hydroxyproline ELISA kit, we found that the expression of hydroxyproline in KF supernatants was downregulated in all inhibitor groups (Figure 7).

Figure 7 Expression of hydroxyproline in KF supernates measured by ELISA. Notes: Using a human hydroxyproline ELISA kit, we found that the expression of hydroxyproline in KF supernates was downregulated in all inhibitors’ groups. Chymostatin (1,000 μmol/L), chymostatin (1,000 μmol/L) + captopril (1,000 μmol/L), and valsartan (10−5 mol/L) significantly depressed the expression of hydroxyproline (P<0.05). All values are mean ± SD. *P<0.05, **P<0.01 represent the hydroxyproline level compared to the KFs group. Abbreviations: KFs, keloid fibroblasts; ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; SD, standard deviation.

Effects of inhibitors on expression of Ang II in KF supernates

After the treatment with inhibitors mentioned above, the expression of Ang II was reduced in the chymostatin (100 μmol/L or 1,000 μmol/L) and the captopril (100 μmol/L or 1,000 μmol/L) group (Figure 8). Furthermore, it was demonstrated that there might be a trend of enhanced expression of Ang II when the concentration of valsartan was raised.

Figure 8 Expression of Ang II in KF supernates measured by radioimmunoassay. Notes: After the treatment with inhibitors mentioned above, the expression of Ang II was reduced in the chymostatin (100 μmol/L or 1,000 μmol/L) and captopril (100 μmol/L or 1,000 μmol/L) groups. Chymostatin (1,000 μmol/L) and chymostatin (1,000 μmol/L) + captopril (1,000 μmol/L) had a significant inhibitory effect on the expression of hydroxyproline (P<0.05). All values are mean ± SD. *P<0.05, **P<0.01 represent the Ang II level compared to the KFs group. Abbreviations: Ang II, angiotensin II; KFs, keloid fibroblasts; SD, standard deviation.

Discussion

Recently, it has been reported²¹ that chymase plays an important role in keloid formation through the TGF-β1/Smad signaling pathway. Chymase mainly catalyzes the formation of Ang II in organs and tissues.^3,5,22,23 Importantly, chymase plays an important role in wound healing and the generation of pathological scars.^15,24,25 However, the role of chymase in the local RAS of keloids remains poorly understood.

In the present study, we measured the expression of chymase and ACE in keloid and normal skin. The expression of chymase and ACE in keloid was significantly higher compared to that in normal skin (P<0.05), which suggests that more Ang II will be generated in keloid. Apart from the well-known actions in regulating blood pressure and body fluid balance, the functions of Ang II include effects on cell proliferation and apoptosis, and the regulation of cytokine secretion, leading to the deposition of extracellular matrix and fibrosis.^26–32 In addition, Ang II might modify the proliferation and activity of fibroblasts in hypertrophic scars, resulting in a pathological deposition of extracellular matrix and fibrosis,³³ and account for keloid pathology.

Furthermore, chymase was shown to be more active than ACE in keloids and normal skin (P<0.05), a result which indicates that chymase plays a major role in the formation pathways of Ang II, consistent with reports of several research groups.^22,23 Urata² reported that Ang II depended on ACE activity was only 11% in human hearts. In contrast, Ang II depended on chymase was 80%. However, it is reported that the pH in the experiments was not optimal for ACE,³⁴ making the conclusions unreliable.

After interventions with different chymase concentrations, the mRNA and protein expression of TGF-β1 and COL1 were increased (P<0.05), as were Ang II and hydroxyproline levels in the supernatant. Furthermore, we found a positive correlation between them. The expression of TGF-β1, COL1, hydroxyproline, and Ang II in NFs + chymase (30 μg/L) group were close to those in keloids but there was no clear relationship between the expression of IL-1β and chymase. It is suggested that the relevance of Ang II/COL1 and upregulation of TGF-β1 is more important than that of other cytokines. One possible reason is that TGF-β1 may upregulate the expression of COL1 as a crucial growth factor, which could in turn promote the proliferation and activation of fibroblasts.³⁵ Ang II could combine with the angiotensin-1 (AT₁) receptor in fibroblasts and trigger the proliferation and activation of fibroblasts, leading to the secretion of extracellular matrix with a resulting fibrosis in the heart, liver, lung, and kidney.^6,36–41 Chymase inhibitors probably act on amino acid residues located in the active center of chymase to inactivate it.⁴² In our study, the downregulation of cytokines in the KFs + chymostatin (100 μmol/L or 1,000 μmol/L) groups was more significant than in the KFs + captopril (100 μmol/L or 1,000 μmol/L) group. It is suggested that chymase may play a crucial role in the pathways that locally form Ang II in keloids, and thus inhibitors of chymase could depress the generation of Ang II.

It is noteworthy that exogenous agents did not depress the in vivo activity of heparin and chymase. In vitro studies on myocardial enzymes and vascular tissue have shown that chymase could not be inactivated in combination therapy with heparin.⁴³ Therefore, it is supposed that heparin can protect chymase from the actions of inhibitors. Unfortunately, no in vitro experiments were carried out using heparin; hence the value of these studies remains uncertain.

Valsartan partly downregulates the expression of TGF-β1, COL1, and hydroxyproline by action at AT₁. The depression produced by valsartan was not complete, a finding consistent with previous reports.²² One possible reason may be the pretreatment KFs with the supernatants of mast cells. In the supernatant, there are various enzymes, cytokines^10,44–49 (such as interleukin, GM-CSF [granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor], bFGF [basic fibroblast growth factor], TGF-β, and TNF-α), and active material (histamine, heparin, platelet activating factor, proteoglycan, etc). They may have actions on fibroblasts to regulate the expression of the relevant protein participating in fibrosis. Another possible reason was that Ang II might combine with receptors other than AT₁. In addition, Ang II was downregulated by chymostatin and captopril, but upregulated by valsartan. One possible explanation is that valsartan may prevent Ang II from combining with AT₁, leading to a detected increase in active Ang II although the expression of Ang II was decreased.

Through we provided some data for the role of chymase in local RAS in keloids, there are also some limitations for this study. In this study, we selected the tissues form different locations on the body as the control group; however, the differences between the keloid group and under-matched control group can influence the results. Therefore, in the following studies, we would select the locations prone to keloid formation as the control group.

In conclusion, the results revealed an increased expression and activity of chymase in keloid tissue. Chymase increased the expression of Ang II, COL1, TGF-β1, and IL-1β in KFs. Blockade of the chymase pathway in the local RAS mainly lowers the expression of these factors. The findings suggest that inhibition of chymase may be an effective therapeutic approach to improve the clinical outcome of keloid treatment.

Acknowledgment

This study was supported by the Department of Clinical Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University.

Disclosure

The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.

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