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Effect of Different Herbal Tea Preparations on the Color Stability of Glass Ionomer Cements

Authors Haque SW, Muliya VS , Somayaji K, Pentapati KC 

Received 16 February 2021

Accepted for publication 9 March 2021

Published 13 April 2021 Volume 2021:13 Pages 121—125

DOI https://doi.org/10.2147/CCIDE.S306919

Checked for plagiarism Yes

Review by Single anonymous peer review

Peer reviewer comments 2

Editor who approved publication: Professor Christopher E. Okunseri



Shehla Wasim Haque,1 Vidya-Saraswathi Muliya,1 Krishnaraj Somayaji,1 Kalyana-Chakravarthy Pentapati2

1Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India; 2Department of Public Health Dentistry, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India

Correspondence: Vidya-Saraswathi Muliya
Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
Tel +91 944-825-2360
Email [email protected]

Objective: To compare the color stability of the newer glass ionomer cements (GIC) when exposed to “Green tea” (GT), “Tulsi tea” (TT), and “Areca tea” (AT) using spectrophotometric analysis.
Materials and Methods: We selected commercially available GC Fuji IX GP EXTRA and Ketac Universal for this study. Eighty disc-shaped samples were made using a mold, which were immersed in the freshly prepared test solutions (distilled water, GT, TT, and AT) for 15 minutes per day for 60 days. The color estimation was done using a spectrophotometer.
Results: GC Fuji IX samples had a significantly higher mean difference in ΔE value than Ketac Universal when immersed in GT, AT, and control (P< 0.001, 0.018, and < 0.001), respectively. With GC Fuji IX, GT and AT stained more than TT and control solutions. Samples of Ketac Universal showed a significantly higher mean difference in ΔE values when immersed in AT, followed by GT, TT, and control.
Conclusion: Within the study’s limitations, we conclude that both the GICs exhibited staining over time on exposure to all the test solutions. Ketac Universal demonstrated lower staining potential than GIC Fuji IX GP Extra for GT and AT.

Keywords: staining, glass ionomer cement, dental, tea

Introduction

Restoring cervical lesions has been a challenge for dentists. The incidence of these lesions is known to increase with age. Glass ionomer cement (GIC) is the choice of restorative materials used to treat cervical lesions. They have superior retention due to chemical adhesion to the tooth structure, even in sclerotic dentin, and does not require removal of enamel margins for beveling as required in composites. Other characteristics include excellent biocompatibility, fluoride-releasing property, lower shrinkage, decreased microleakage, and acceptable aesthetics.1

Intrinsic or extrinsic discoloration of a material are two crucial causes among the many reasons for repeating the restoration.2 Causes for intrinsic discoloration include alterations in the restorative material’s chemical structure due to physical and chemical conditions. Extrinsic discoloration is mainly due to the absorption and adsorption of exogenous stains. Studies have shown that diet is the leading cause for the development of extrinsic stains.3

Consumption of beverages like tea is a daily ritual for many people. Due to increased health consciousness, there is a change in the consumer preferences from conventional tea to Green tea (GT) and Tulsi tea (TT). They have added health benefits and are loaded with antioxidants and nutrients that improve immunity, reduce stress, enable fat loss, lower cholesterol, and aid in glycemic control among people with diabetes.4,5 Areca tea (AT) is another alternative that has many benefits like “anti-ulcer,” “anti-aging,” “hypo-lipidemic,” “anti-diabetic,” along with enhanced “digestion” and “metabolism”.6 Apart from their beneficial effects, tea preparations have substantial amounts of gallic acid, tannins, theaflavins, thearubigins, and theabrownins7,8 which can cause staining of teeth and restorative materials.

Newer GICs (GC Fuji IX GP Extra and Ketac Universal Glass Ionomer Restorative have been introduced in the market with increased fillers and are available in various shades. They offer superior mechanical and aesthetic properties and are indicated in the restoration of cervical lesions.

Literature shows that various beverages can alter the physical and aesthetic properties of GICs, undermining the quality of restorations that lead to their surface degradation and wear. Fuji IX showed the least color change compared to Fuji II LC, Dyract extra, and Filtek Z250.9 However, the discoloration potential of the above mentioned beverages on these restorative materials has not been much evaluated.

With this background, we aimed to compare the color stability of the newer GICs when exposed to different tea preparations using spectrophotometric analysis.

Null hypothesis: The newer GICs would have no difference in the color stability when exposed to different tea preparations.

Materials and Methods

Commercially available conventional GICs GC Fuji IX GP EXTRA (GC Corporation, Tokyo, Japan) and Ketac Universal Glass Ionomer Restorative (3M Deutschland GmbH, Neuss, Germany) were selected for this study.

Sample Preparation

Eighty disc-shaped samples of GC Fuji IX (n=40) and Ketac Universal (n=40) were prepared using a mold (diameter: 8mm; thickness: 2 mm).10 Cements were manipulated as per the manufacturers’ guidelines and loaded into the mold, which was compressed between two glass plates lined by mylar strips to remove the excess and obtain smooth and flat surfaces. Once the materials were set, the discs were removed from the mold.10,11 All the samples were rehydrated by storing in distilled water for one day at room temperature, before the baseline color assessment.10

We randomly divided the samples of both the restorative materials into four subgroups (10 each) for immersing in the test solutions. They are distilled water (control), “Green tea” (Lipton, Hindustan Unilever Ltd, India), “Tulsi tea” (Tulsi Original, Organic India Pvt Ltd, India), and “Areca tea” (Mystic aromatics, India).

Preparation of the Test Solutions

The test solutions were prepared freshly every day using two tea bags (2 gm each) in 300 mL of boiling water dipped for 3 minutes.2 The tea bags were removed and the test solution was cooled for 5 minutes.

Immersion Regimen

Each set (n=10) was immersed in the respective test solution in a container for 15 minutes/day for 60 days. After 15 minutes, the samples were stored in distilled water.

Color Estimation Using Spectrophotometric Analysis

The color estimation was done using a “Digital reflectance spectrophotometer (X-rite i1PRO Spectrophotometer and Profile maker Pro 5.0.10 software)” as described previously.12 Readings were obtained in triplicates, and the average value was obtained.13 The color assessment was calculated using the following equation:14

Statistical Analysis

All the analysis was done using MedCalc version 14. A p-value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Normality was tested using the Shapiro Wilk test. Comparison of the mean ΔE values between baseline and 60 days was done using Wilcoxon Signed rank test. The mean difference in ΔE (baseline – 60 days) was compared between the two restorative materials using the Mann–Whitney U-test. The mean difference in ΔE (baseline – 60 days) was compared using Kruskal Wallis ANOVA with post hoc Conover test.

Results

The data showed non-normal distribution hence non-parametric tests were used to compare ΔE values. The mean ΔE at 60 days was significantly higher than baseline in all the test solutions for both the GC Fuji IX and Ketac Universal (Table 1). The mean difference (Baseline – 60days) in ΔE value was significantly higher in GC Fuji IX than Ketac Universal in GT, AT, and control solutions (P<0.001, 0.018, and <0.001), respectively. Among the GC Fuji IX samples, GT and AT stained more than TT and control solutions. Samples of Ketac Universal showed a significantly higher mean difference in ΔE values when immersed in AT, followed by GT, TT, and control (Figure 1) (Table 2).

Table 1 Comparison of Mean ΔE Between Baseline and 60 Days Concerning Various Test Solutions and Restorative Materials

Figure 1 Representative images of staining on GC Fuji IX GP EXTRA and Ketac Universal after 60 days of exposure to various tea preparations.

Table 2 Comparison of Mean Difference of ΔE Among the Four Test Solutions and Two Restorative Materials

Discussion

Discoloration of restorations in esthetic areas of the mouth is one of the common reasons for replacing the restoration. Our study evaluated two new GICs which claim to offer superior aesthetics and physical properties. The long-term clinical performance and color stability of both these products are yet to be researched.

Our study showed that both the restorative materials stained significantly after the immersion regimen. It can be attributed to the softening and dissolution of the matrix surrounding the glass particles and could result from the siliceous hydrogel layer’s dissolution.15 This could result in a rough surface that has increased surface area for the adsorption of pigments, leading to staining.16 Overall maximum color change was seen in GIC Fuji IX GP Extra compared to Ketac Universal Glass Ionomer restorative. Studies have reported that benzoic acid in the co-polymeric acid of Ketac Universal could produce a mechanical interlocking effect upon hardening, making it less hydrolytic and more color stable.17 Benzoic acid-containing cements have been reported to have good chemical resistance in the oral environment.17 Color changes can also occur due to the leaching out of fluoride ions from the calcium fluorosilicate glass due to the ionic exchange between the material and the environmental solution, which affects its surface and structural integrity.18,19 Therefore, greater discoloration of GIC Fuji IX GP Extra could also occur due to its higher fluoride release potential than Ketac Universal.20

AT showed maximum staining in both the GICs, followed by GT, TT, and distilled water due to the high tannin content among the test solutions. Tannins are water-soluble polyphenols that impart tea its darker color and bitter taste. They have strong antioxidant properties that have various beneficial effects on health. However, one of their drawbacks is that they can lead to brownish discoloration of teeth and restorations when consumed over a prolonged period.21 Studies have shown that Areca nut’s tannin content is up to 18%,22,23 3% to 13% in GT,24 and lowest concentration in TT (0.9–2%).25 Previous studies evaluated composite restoration’s color stability after exposure to few herbal health beverages like GT, AT, TT. All the tea preparations had clinical perceptible staining potential, and AT showed the highest staining potential, similar to results of the present study.12

Application of Fuji Coat LC has been recommended by the manufacturer to improve color stability of Fuji IX GP Extra restorations. However, Fuji IX coat LC does not come with Fuji IX GP Extra’s standard packaging, and clinicians often do not opt for the additional purchase of such varnishes. As per the manufacturer’s instruction, the application of Fuji coat LC is at the clinician’s discretion. Also, Ketac Universal does not come with a matching preparation. The manufacturer claims this to be one of Ketac Universal’s advantages, wherein one step of varnish application is eliminated. Hence to standardize the experiment, Fuji coat LC was not used over the specimens of Fuji IX GP Extra. Nonetheless, we ensured a good surface finish of the restorations using a mylar strip which was shown to be the smoothest.23 The use of mylar strip is also recommended by the manufacturer.

The ΔE values between 0 to 2 represent imperceptible color changes, 2 to 3 represent just perceptible color changes on close observation.26 Values ≥3.3 are noticeable with the naked eye and not acceptable clinically.27 In our study, GIC Fuji IX GP Extra, and Ketac Universal showed clinically perceptible changes in all the test solutions after 60 days of immersion. However, in distilled water least color change was seen for both materials but clinically noticeable only for GIC Fuji IX GP Extra. Previous studies have reported color changes with distilled water.13,28–30

Though our study results are difficult to extrapolate to in-vivo conditions due to other factors in the oral environment, this study highlights the color stability of the GICs when exposed to tea preparations. Future studies should explore the role of filler size, shape, and quantity on the color stability of these restorative materials.

Conclusion

All dental restorative materials have shown deterioration with time in the oral environment. Within the study’s limitations, we can conclude that both the GICs exhibited staining over time on exposure to all the test solutions.

  • Ketac Universal Glass Ionomer Restorative exhibited lower staining potential than GIC Fuji IX GP Extra for GT and AT.
  • AT showed the highest discoloration potential in both the tested GICs.

Clinicians should consider the susceptibility of these restorative materials to stains due to the patients’ dietary habits, while planning the restorations.

Disclosure

The authors reported no conflicts of interest for this work.

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