CircFLNA Acts as a Sponge of miR-646 to Facilitate the Proliferation, Metastasis, Glycolysis, and Apoptosis Inhibition of Gastric Cancer by Targeting PFKFB2

Introduction

Gastric cancer (GC) is a malignant tumor that originates from gastric mucosa epithelium, and is a common disease that threatens human health.^1,2 Early GC is generally not easy to detect, and most patients with GC have reached the advanced stage when diagnosed.³ More importantly, metastatic GC also affects the liver, kidney and respiratory function, which greatly reduces the prognosis of patients.^4,5 In addition to proliferation and metastasis, glycolysis is also considered an important feature of cancer development.^6,7 Therefore, elucidating the mechanisms affecting GC proliferation, metastasis and glycolysis are of great significance for the development of new therapeutic targets for GC.

Circular RNA (circRNA) is a covalently closed non-coding RNA produced by back-splicing.⁸ Functionally, it has been found that circRNA can indirectly regulate downstream gene expression by acting as a microRNA (miRNA) sponge.^9,10 In recent years, some research has confirmed that circRNA exerts an essential regulatory function in the progress of diseases and has great potential to become a new type of clinical diagnostic marker, including cancer.^11,12 In GC, circCCDC66 is considered as a potential biomarker for GC, and its high expression can accelerate GC proliferation and metastasis.¹³ Lu et al revealed that circ-CEP85L was underexpressed in GC, and it could sponge miR-942-5p to inhibit GC proliferation and invasion by targeting NFKBIA.¹⁴ Wang et al also showed that elevated circRBM33 expression could enhance the proliferation, metastasis and suppress the apoptosis of GC cells through regulating the miR-149/IL-6 pathway.¹⁵ Thus, circRNA is a vital biomarker for the development of new GC diagnosis and treatment targets.^16,17

In order to identify the new circRNA, we analyzed the expression profile of circRNA in GC. By screening differentially expressed circRNAs in GC tumor tissues and adjacent normal tissues, we found that circFLNA was markedly upregulated in GC tissues. Nevertheless, the role of circFLNA in GC progression is unclear. Our research is to explore the function of circFLNA in the progression of GC and hope to provide new potential targets for GC treatment.

Materials and Methods

Samples Collection

45 pairs of GC tissues and adjacent normal tissues were acquired from 45 GC patients recruited from Tianjin Nankai Hospital. In addition, GC tissues were classified according to the different TNM stages (I–II and III–IV) of patients. All tissues were stored at −80°C, and informed consent was provided from all participants. Our study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Tianjin Nankai Hospital (IRB No.2017NK229).

Cell Culture and Transfection

Human GC cell lines (HGC27 and AGS) and normal gastric mucosal cell line (GES-1) were purchased from Biovector National Typical Culture Collection (Beijing, China). All cells were cultured in RPMI-1640 medium (HyClone, Logan, UT, USA) containing 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS; HyClone) and 1% Penicillin/Streptomycin Solution (HyClone) at 37°C with 5% CO₂.

Cell transfection was performed using Lipofectamine 3000 Reagent (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA) when the cells reached 60% confluences. Lentiviral short hairpin RNA against circFLNA and its control (sh-circFLNA#1/#2/#3 and sh-NC), pcDNA circFLNA and 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2, 6-biphosphatase 2 (PFKFB2) overexpression plasmids (circFLNA and PFKFB2) or negative control (pcDNA) were obtained from Genechem (Shanghai, China). MiR-646 mimic and inhibitor (miR-646 and in-miR-646) or its controls (miR-NC and in-miR-NC) were bought from Ambion (Austin, TX, USA).

Quantitative Real-Time PCR (qRT-PCR)

RNA was extracted using TRIzol reagent (Invitrogen), and cDNA was obtained using PrimeScript RT Reagent Kit (Takara, Tokyo, Japan). Then, SYBR Green (for circFLNA; Takara) or TaqMan MicroRNA Assays (for miR-646; Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA) were used to perform qRT-PCR. β-actin or U6 was used as the inner control of circFLNA and PFKFB2 or miR-646, respectively. Relative expression was evaluated using the 2^−ΔΔCt method. The detailed sequences were shown as follows: circFLNA, F 5ʹ-ACCACCATGACAACACCTACA-3ʹ, R 5ʹ-GCCAGCAGCTTTGGCATTTAC-3ʹ; miR-646, F 5ʹ-ACACTCCAGCTGGGAAGCAGCTGCCTC-3ʹ, R 5ʹ- CTCAACTGTGCTGCATTAGTTAGCTCAGA-3; PFKFB2, 5ʹ- AGTCCTACGACTTCTTTCGGC-3ʹ, R 5ʹ-TCTCCTCAGTGAGATACGCCT-3ʹ; β-actin, F 5ʹ-GTGCTATGTTGCTCTAGACTTC-3ʹ, R 5ʹ-ATGCCACAGGATTCCATACC-3ʹ; U6, F 5ʹ- AGCCCGCACTCAGAACATC-3ʹ, R 5ʹ-GCCACCAAGACAATCATCC-3ʹ.

Cell Counting Kit 8 (CCK8) Assay

HGC27 and AGS cells were sowed into 96-well plates (1 × 10³ cells/well). At the indicated time points, 10 μL of CCK8 reagent (Dojindo, Kumamoto, Japan) was added into each well. After 2 h, the optical density (OD) value was recorded using a microplate reader at 450 nm.

Transwell Assay

Using the transwell chambers with or without Matrigel (BD Bioscience, San Diego, CA, USA), the invasion and migration of cells were determined, respectively. HGC27 and AGS cells mixed with serum-free medium were added into the upper chamber. The lower chamber was filled with complete medium. After maintained for 48 h, the upper chamber was removed, and the lower chamber cells were fixed with methanol and stained with crystal violet. Then, the cell number was counted under an inverted microscope (100 ×).

Flow Cytometry

Annexin V-FITC/PI Apoptosis Detection Kit was obtained from Yeasen (Shanghai, China). HGC27 and AGS cells were digested with trypsin and resuspended with binding buffer. Then, the cell suspension was added with Annexin V-FITC and PI staining solution at room temperature for 15 min away from light. The apoptosis of cells was measured using a flow cytometer.

Tumor Xenograft Models

AGS cells transfected with sh-NC or sh-circFLNA#3 were subcutaneously injected into the flank of BALB/c nude mice (4-week-old, male; Tengxin, Chongqing, China). Tumor length and width were measured with a vernier caliper every 7 days to calculate the tumor volume. After 28 days, the mice were euthanized and the tumors were collected for weighting. Animal experimental procedures were authorized by the Animal Ethics Committee of Tianjin Nankai Hospital, Animal studies were performed in compliance with the ARRIVE guidelines and the Basel Declaration. All animals received humane care according to the National Institutes of Health (USA) guidelines.

Measurement of Glucose Consumption, Lactate Production and ATP Level

The cultured medium was collected from transfected HGC27 and AGS cells. The Glucose Assay Kit, Lactate Assay Kit and ATP Assay Kit were purchased from Biovision (Milpitas, CA, USA). Glucose consumption, lactate production and ATP level were determined according to the manufacturer’s instructions, respectively. All values were normalized by protein content using BCA Kit (Beyotime, Shanghai, China).

Glucose Uptake Assay

Glucose Uptake Assay Kit was bought from Abcam (Cambridge, MA, USA). HGC27 and AGS cells were seeded in 96-well plates. After 12 h, the culture medium was removed and cells were washed with PBS. Then, the cells were incubated with 2-deoxyglucose (2-DG) for 20 min at room temperature. Then, the cells were washed with PBS to remove 2-DG. After the cells were lysed with extraction buffer, the cell lysates were freeze-thawed, heated, and incubated with the reaction mix. Cell fluorescence was detected by a microplate reader.

Dual-Luciferase Reporter Assay

The wild-type and mutant-type circFLNA and PFKFB2 3ʹUTR regions containing predicted and mutated binding sites of miR-646 were synthesized and sub-cloned into the psiCHECK-2 reporter vector (Promega, Madison, WI, USA), generating circFLNA WT/MUT and PFKFB2 3ʹUTR WT/MUT reporter vectors. These reporter vectors were transfected into HGC27 and AGS cells with miR-646 mimic and miR-NC using Lipofectamine 3000 Reagent. Dual-Luciferase Reporter Assay System (Promega) was employed to measure cell luciferase activity.

RNA Immunoprecipitation (RIP) Assay

EZ-Magna RIP Kit was purchased from Millipore (Billerica, MA, USA). HGC27 and AGS cells were transfected with miR-646 or miR-NC for 24 h. After that, the cells were lysed using RIP lysis buffer, and cell lysates were incubated with magnetic beads conjugated with antibodies against immunoglobulin G (RIP-IgG) or argonaute 2 (RIP-Ago2) overnight at 4°C. Then, the immunoprecipitated RNA was isolated using TRIzol reagent and circFLNA enrichment was assessed using qRT-PCR.

Western Blot (WB) Analysis

Proteins were extracted using RIPA buffer (Beyotime). After quantified using BCA Kit, the protein was separated by 10% SDS-PAGE and transferred to PVDF membranes (Millipore). The membranes were hatched with primary antibodies targeting PFKFB2 (1:4000, Abcam) or β-actin (1:10,000, Abcam), followed by reacting with secondary antibody (1:50,000, Abcam). Finally, the protein signal was detected using BeyoECL Moon (Beyotime).

Statistical Analysis

All data were presented as mean ± standard deviation and analyzed using GraphPad Prism 8.0 (GraphPad Software, Inc., La Jolla, CA, USA). Statistical analysis was determined using Student’s t-test or one-way analysis of variance. The correlation analysis was conducted using Pearson correlation analysis. Statistically significant was defined as P < 0.05.

Results

CircFLNA Was Upregulated in GC Tissues and Cells

In GEO database (accession: GSE141977), we screened 20 differentially expressed circRNA (10 upregulated and 10 downregulated) in GC tumor tissues and adjacent normal tissues (Figure 1A). As one of the circRNA with a large expression difference, hsa_circRNA_105040 (circFLNA) was selected for this study. Through measuring the expression of circFLNA in GC tissues, we found that circFLNA was markedly upregulated in GC tissues compared to adjacent normal tissues (Figure 1B). Also, the expression of circFLNA in the tissues of GC patients with advanced-stage (III+IV) was significantly higher than that of GC patients with early-stage (I+II) (Figure 1C). In addition, Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that high circFLNA expression was significantly associated with the poor prognosis of GC patients (Supplementary Figure 1). Furthermore, we also found a high expression of circFLNA in GC cell lines (HGC27 and AGS) compared to normal gastric mucosal cell line (GES-1) (Figure 1D).

Figure 1 The expression of circFLNA in GC tissues and cells. (A) Heat map revealed the differentially expressed circRNAs in GC tumor tissues (Tumor) and adjacent normal tissues (Normal) (GEO accession: GSE141977). (B) The expression of circFLNA in Tumor and Normal was detected by qRT-PCR. (C) CircFLNA expression in the tissues of GC patients with different TNM stages (I+II and III+IV) was measured by qRT-PCR. (D) QRT-PCR was used to determine the expression of circFLNA in GC cell lines (HGC27 and AGS) and normal gastric mucosal cell line (GES-1). ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.0001.

Interference of circFLNA Inhibited the Proliferation, Metastasis and Promoted the Apoptosis of GC Cells in vitro and Reduced the Tumor Growth of GC in vivo

In view of the high expression of circFLNA in GC, we silenced its expression to explore the role of circFLNA in GC using sh-circFLNA. As shown in Figure 2A and B, sh-circFLNA#1/#2/#3 could remarkably suppress the expression of circFLNA, especially sh-circFLNA#3 had the most obvious effect. Therefore, we used sh-circFLNA#3 for subsequent experiments. The results of CCK8 assay suggested that circFLNA knockdown could suppress the OD values of HGC27 and AGS cells, indicating that the proliferation of GC cells could be inhibited by circFLNA knockdown (Figure 2C and D). Besides, transwell assay was used to detect the migration and invasion of GC cells and the results showed that the migration and invasion rates of HGC27 and AGS cells also could be hindered by circFLNA silencing (Figure 2E and F). Moreover, we found that the apoptosis of HGC27 and AGS cells was remarkably promoted in the sh-circFLNA#3 group (Figure 2G). In addition, in constructed GC tumor xenograft models, we also discovered that knockdown of circFLNA could obviously reduce the tumor volume and weight of GC (Figure 2H–I).

Figure 2 CircFLNA knockdown inhibited GC cell progression and GC tumor growth. (A-B) The transfection efficiencies of sh-circFLNA#1/#2/#3 were confirmed by detecting circFLNA expression using qRT-PCR. (C-G) HGC27 and AGS cells were transfected with sh-NC or sh-circFLNA#3. CCK8 assay (C-D), transwell assay (E-F) and flow cytometry (G) were performed to measure cell proliferation, migration, invasion and apoptosis, respectively. (H-I) AGS cells transfected with sh-NC or sh-circFLNA#3 were injected into the nude mice to build GC tumor xenograft models. Tumor volume (H) and tumor weight (I) were measured in mice. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001.

CircFLNA Silencing Inhibited the Glycolysis of GC Cells

To explore the role of circFLNA on the glycolysis of GC cells, we measured the lactate production, glucose consumption and ATP level of GC cells. The results showed that circFLNA silencing could suppress the lactate production, glucose consumption and ATP level of HGC27 and AGS cells (Figure 3A–C). In addition, the glucose uptake of HGC27 and AGS cells also could be restrained by circFLNA knockdown (Figure 3D). These data suggested that circFLNA might promote the glycolysis of GC.

Figure 3 CircFLNA silencing inhibited the glycolysis of GC cells. HGC27 and AGS cells were transfected with sh-NC or sh-circFLNA#3. The lactate production (A), glucose consumption (B) and ATP level (C) of cells were detected using Lactate Assay Kit, Glucose Assay Kit and ATP Assay Kit, respectively. (D) Glucose uptake was measured using Glucose Uptake Assay Kit. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01.

CircFLNA Could Sponge miR-646 in GC

To explore the mechanism of circFLNA in GC, a bioinformatic analysis was performed to identify putative targeted miRNAs for circFLNA. The circinteractome tool revealed that circFLNA could target the sequence of miR-646 (Figure 4A). The results of dual-luciferase reporter assay indicated that after transfected with miR-646 mimic, the luciferase activity of circFLNA WT was markedly reduced in HGC27 and AGS cells. However, miR-646 had not effect on the luciferase activity of circFLNA MUT (Figure 4B–C). Meanwhile, miR-646 also could remarkably increase the enrichment of circFLNA in RIP-Ago2 (Figure 4D). In GC tissues and cells, we found a significantly low miR-646 expression compared with that in adjacent normal tissues and GES-1 cells, respectively (Figure 4E–F). Also, correlation analysis revealed that there had a negative correlation between circFLNA and miR-646 (Figure 4G). To further confirm the regulation of circFLNA on miR-646, we transfected with pcDNA circFLNA overexpression plasmid into HGC27 and AGS cells. The markedly enhanced circFLNA expression suggested that transfection was successful (Figure 4H). Then, the detection results of miR-646 expression revealed that circFLNA overexpression could obviously inhibit miR-646 expression in HGC27 and AGS cells (Figure 4I). Therefore, our data suggested that circFLNA could directly interact with miR-646 in GC.

Figure 4 CircFLNA could sponge miR-646 in GC. (A) Diagram of putative and mutative miR-646 binding sites in circFLNA were presented. (B-C) Dual-luciferase reporter assay was used to detect the relative activities of circFLNA WT and circFLNA MUT reporters in HGC27 and AGS cells transfected with miR-646 or miR-NC. (D) RIP assay was performed to measure the enrichment of circFLNA on RIP-Ago2 or RIP-IgG in HGC27 and AGS cells transfected with miR-646 or miR-NC. (E) The expression of miR-646 in GC tumor tissues (Tumor) and adjacent normal tissues (Normal) was detected by qRT-PCR. (F) QRT-PCR was employed to examine the expression of miR-646 in GC cell lines (HGC27 and AGS) and GES-1 cells. (G) The correlation between circFLNA and miR-646 was analyzed using Pearson correlation analysis. (H) The transfection efficiency of pcDNA circFLNA overexpression plasmid was assessed by qRT-PCR. (I) The expression of miR-646 was detected by qRT-PCR in HGC27 and AGS cells transfected with pcDNA circFLNA overexpression plasmid or pcDNA. **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.0001.

Inhibition of miR-646 Could Reverse the Regulation of circFLNA Silencing on GC Progression

For further confirming whether circFLNA regulated GC progression by sponging miR-646, sh-circFLNA#3 and in-miR-646 were co-transfected into HGC27 and AGS cells. Through measuring the expression of miR-646, we discovered that circFLNA knockdown could promote miR-646 expression, while the addition of in-miR-646 could reverse this effect, indicating that the transfection efficiency of both was excellent (Figure 5A). Subsequently, we determined the proliferation, metastasis, apoptosis and glycolysis of GC cells. CCK8 assay results were presented in Figure 5B and C, and it showed that miR-646 inhibitor could reverse the proliferation of HGC27 and AGS cells repressed by circFLNA silencing. Moreover, the inhibition effect of silenced circFLNA on the migration and invasion of HGC27 and AGS cells also were inverted by miR-646 inhibitor (Figure 5D–E). Compared with the control group, the decreased apoptosis rates in the sh-circFLNA#3 + in-miR-646 group suggested that miR-646 inhibitor could reverse the promoting effect of circFLNA knockdown on the apoptosis of HGC27 and AGS cells (Figure 5F). The original migration, invasion and apoptosis pictures for Figure 5D, E and F were shown in Supplementary Figure 2. In addition, the suppressive effect of circFLNA silencing on the lactate production, glucose consumption, ATP level and glucose uptake of HGC27 and AGS cells also could be reversed by miR-646 inhibitor (Figure 5G-J). These data revealed that circFLNA regulated the proliferation, metastasis, apoptosis and glycolysis of GC cells by sponging miR-646.

Figure 5 Effects of miR-646 inhibitor and circFLNA silencing on GC progression. HGC27 and AGS cells were transfected with sh-NC, sh-circFLNA#3, sh-circFLNA#3 + in-miR-NC or sh-circFLNA#3 + in-miR-646. (A) QRT-PCR was used to detect the expression of miR-646. CCK8 assay (B-C), transwell assay (D-E) and flow cytometry (F) were used to determine the proliferation, migration, invasion and apoptosis, respectively. The lactate production (G), glucose consumption (H) and ATP level (I) of cells were measured by Lactate Assay Kit, Glucose Assay Kit and ATP Assay Kit, respectively. (J) Glucose Uptake Assay Kit was employed to evaluate the glucose uptake of cells. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001.

PFKFB2 Could Serve as a Target of miR-646 in GC

Using the Targetscan tool, we uncovered that PFKFB2 3ʹUTR had binding sites with miR-646 (Figure 6A). Then, we used dual-luciferase reporter assay to confirm the interaction between PFKFB2 and miR-646. It was found that the miR-646 overexpression could remarkably inhibit the luciferase activity of PFKFB2 3ʹUTR WT without affecting the luciferase activity of PFKFB2 3ʹUTR MUT (Figure 6B-C). Besides, we measured the expression of PFKFB2 in GC tissues and cells and discovered that PFKFB2 protein level was markedly enhanced compared to the corresponding negative controls (Figure 6D-E). At the same time, the results of correlation analysis indicated that PFKFB2 expression was negatively correlated with miR-646 expression and positively correlated with circFLNA expression in GC (Figure 6F-G). Furthermore, by detecting the expression of PFKFB2 using WB analysis, we discovered that miR-646 overexpression could suppress PFKFB2 expression (Figure 6H), and miR-646 inhibitor also could reverse the inhibition effect of circFLNA silencing on PFKFB2 expression (Figure 6I). All data suggested that PFKFB2 was a target of miR-646 and circFLNA regulated PFKFB2 expression by sponging miR-646.

Figure 6 PFKFB2 could serve as a target of miR-646 in GC. (A) The putative and mutative miR-646 binding sites in PFKFB2 3ʹUTR were shown. (B-C) The relative activities of PFKFB2 3ʹUTR WT and PFKFB2 3ʹUTR MUT reporters in HGC27 and AGS cells transfected with miR-646 or miR-NC were detected by dual-luciferase reporter assay. (D) The protein expression of PFKFB2 in GC tumor tissues (Tumor) and adjacent normal tissues (Normal) was measured by WB analysis. (E) WB analysis was employed to assess the protein expression of PFKFB2 in GC cell lines (HGC27 and AGS) and GES-1 cells. The correlation between PFKFB2 and miR-646 (F) or PFKFB2 and circFLNA (G) was analyzed using Pearson correlation analysis. (H) The protein expression of PFKFB2 in HGC27 and AGS cells transfected with miR-646 mimic or miR-NC was examined by WB analysis. (I) WB analysis was employed to assess the protein expression of PFKFB2 in HGC27 and AGS cells transfected with sh-NC, sh-circFLNA#3, sh-circFLNA#3 + in-miR-NC or sh-circFLNA#3 + in-miR-646. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.0001.

PFKFB2 Overexpression Reversed the Suppression Effect of miR-646 on GC Progression

To determine that miR-646 regulated GC progression via targeting PFKFB2, we co-transfected with miR-646 mimic and pcDNA PFKFB2 overexpression plasmid into HGC27 and AGS cells. As shown in Figure 7A, the addition of pcDNA PFKFB2 overexpression plasmid relieved the inhibition effect of miR-646 on PFKFB2 expression, indicating that the transfection of them was effective. By detecting the proliferation, migration and invasion of HGC27 and AGS cells, we found that miR-646 overexpression could restrain the proliferation, migration and invasion of GC cells, while this effect could be reversed by PFKFB2 overexpression (Figure 7B-E). Meanwhile, miR-646 enhanced the apoptosis of HGC27 and AGS cells, and PFKFB2 overexpression also could reverse the promoting effect of miR-646 on GC cell apoptosis (Figure 7F). The original migration, invasion and apoptosis pictures for Figure 7D, E and F were presented in Supplementary Figure 2. Furthermore, the suppressive effects of miR-646 mimic on the lactate production, glucose consumption, ATP level and glucose uptake of HGC27 and AGS cells also were recovered by overexpressed PFKFB2 (Figure 7G-J). Hence, these results revealed that miR-646 regulated the progression of GC by targeting PFKFB2.

Figure 7 Effects of PFKFB2 overexpression and miR-646 on GC progression. HGC27 and AGS cells were transfected with miR-NC, miR-646, miR-646 + pcDNA or miR-646 + PFKFB2. (A) WB analysis was used to detect the protein expression of PFKFB2. The proliferation, migration, invasion and apoptosis of cells were measured using CCK8 assay (B-C), transwell assay (D-E) and flow cytometry (F), respectively. The lactate production (G), glucose consumption (H) and ATP level (I) of cells were determined using Lactate Assay Kit, Glucose Assay Kit and ATP Assay Kit, respectively. (J) The glucose uptake of cells was assessed using Glucose Uptake Assay Kit. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001.

Discussion

There are many reports about the important role of circRNA in GC proliferation, metastasis and apoptosis.^18,19 However, few studies have been conducted on circRNAs that affect the glycolysis of GC cells. Here, our study focused on a circRNA, circFLNA, which was significantly upregulated in GC, and explored its functionality in GC proliferation, metastasis, apoptosis and glycolysis. We discovered that circFLNA had elevated expression in GC tissues and cells. Loss-functional experiments indicated that silencing of circFLNA could restrain the proliferation, migration, invasion, and accelerate the apoptosis of GC cells. Further, animal experiments also revealed that circFLNA knockdown had an inhibitory regulation on GC tumor growth in vivo. In addition, we also found that the glycolysis of GC cells was decreased with the loss of circFLNA. Previous research proved that circFLNA was highly expressed in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) and could regulate cell migration to promote LSCC progression.²⁰ Therefore, similar to the previous results, our results also indicated that circFLNA played a positive role in GC progression.

MiR-646 is a widely downregulated miRNA in cancers.²¹ In many research, miR-646 is considered to be an anticancer factor that can be regulated by many cancer-promoting circRNAs. For example, circ_0000267 could sponge miR-646 to enhance the proliferation and metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma.²² The recent study revealed that circ-CCND1 could accelerate the proliferation of LSCC via sponging miR-646.²³ In GC, miR-646 had been shown to inhibit cell proliferation and metastasis by targeting FOXK1,²⁴ and miR-646 could be targeted by circ_0081143 to participate in the regulation of GC cisplatin resistance.²⁵ In our research, we suggested that circFLNA could interact with miR-646 in GC, and miR-646 was indeed lowly expressed in GC. Further rescue tests also confirmed that miR-646 was involved in the regulation of circFLNA on GC progression. So, our research showed that circFLNA could sponge miR-646 to exert its oncogenic role in GC.

PFKFB2 is a bifunctional isomeric enzyme and a regulatory molecule that controls glycolysis in eukaryotes.^26,27 Due to the important role of glycolysis in cancer progression, the expression of PFKFB2 is associated with cancer progression.^28,29 Our data showed that PFKFB2 was a target of miR-646, and its expression was positively regulated by circFLNA and negatively regulated by miR-646. In addition, the reversal effect of PFKFB2 on miR-646 regulation also further confirmed that miR-646 targeted PFKFB2 to hinder the proliferation, metastasis, glycolysis, and increase the apoptosis of GC. Our research discovered the presence of the circFLNA/miR-646/PFKFB2 axis, which revealed the potential mechanism by which circFLNA regulated GC progression.

In summary, we demonstrated that circFLNA was an upregulated circRNA in GC, which could enhance GC proliferation, metastasis, glycolysis, and apoptosis inhibition by regulating the miR-646/PFKFB2 axis. Our findings suggested that circFLNA might be an oncogene to regulate the development of GC, revealing that it might be a potential target for GC therapy.