Bilateral renal artery thrombosis in inherited thrombophilia: a rare cause of acute kidney injury

Introduction

Antithrombin III is a plasma protein that inhibits several of the serine proteases involved in the coagulation cascade, including thrombin and factor Xa. It is therefore a major inhibitor of blood coagulation. A homozygous deficiency causes lethal thrombosis in utero or in the neonatal period; however, the heterozygous state occurs in 0.16% of the healthy population¹ and in 1%–8% of those presenting with a thrombotic event.²

The link between heterozygous antithrombin III deficiency and venous thrombosis is well described. Thromboembolism typically presents as deep vein thrombosis of the limbs or pulmonary embolism, but can also occur in atypical venous sites, including the cerebral sinus, mesenteric, portal, hepatic, renal, and retinal veins.³ At 50 years, approximately 50% of individuals with antithrombin deficiency will have had an episode of venous thromboembolism.³ In contrast, antithrombin III deficiency leading to arterial thrombosis is rare.

Like antithrombin III, the 20210A allele of the prothrombin gene is a recognized risk factor for venous thromboembolism and is the second most common hereditary cause of venous thromboembolic disease.⁴ Its role in arterial thrombosis remains unclear, however, with studies both describing and refuting an association.⁵

We describe a rare case of acute kidney injury secondary to bilateral renal infarction in association with combined antithrombin III deficiency and a prothrombin gene mutation.

Case report

A 47-year-old male Caucasian farmworker presented with right-sided abdominal pain for the preceding 24 hours. Apart from mild nausea, there were no other associated symptoms. He was known to have antithrombin III deficiency, with functional antithrombin III having been previously quantified at 48% (normal pooled plasma activity 83%–128%). In addition, he was known to be heterozygous for the prothrombin (G20210A) gene mutation. He was taking aspirin 75 mg daily. He had no history of thromboembolism or hypertension. He had no vascular risk factors, including diabetes, dyslipidemia, or a history of smoking.

On examination, he was apyrexial. His blood pressure measured 159/88 mmHg. He had right-sided flank tenderness with no rebound or guarding. Bowel sounds were normal. Urine dip revealed 2+ protein but no blood. Creatinine was 1.02 mg/dL (90 μmol/L). Neutrophils were moderately raised at 9.4 × 10⁹/L. CRP (C-reactive protein) was unremarkable at 1.7 mg/L. His pain was managed with paracetamol (acetaminophen) and a single dose of 50 mg diclofenac. Aspirin was withheld and he was given a daily prophylactic dose of enoxaparin 40 mg. Within 24 hours, his abdominal pain had localized to the right iliac fossa and he underwent appendectomy. Intraoperatively, his blood pressure fell to 100/50, requiring intravenous fluid resuscitation. Postoperatively, his abdominal pain settled. He was discharged home the following day with a blood pressure of 125/75 mmHg and a creatinine level of 1.17 mg/dL (103 μmol/L).

The patient was readmitted 4 days later with sudden-onset, severe left-sided abdominal pain. He was apyrexial. Blood pressure measured 150/80 mmHg. Examination revealed left-sided abdominal tenderness without rebound or guarding. Bowel sounds were normal. Urine testing revealed new microscopic hematuria. Inflammatory markers were raised with a neutrophil count of 11.7 × 10⁹/L and a CRP level of 43.5 mg/L. Creatinine had increased to 1.62 mg/dL (143 μmol/L). Computed tomography with oral contrast revealed an 85 × 35 mm collection at the appendectomy site. Significant left-sided perinephric stranding was also seen (Figure 1). He was treated for a postoperative intra-abdominal collection with intravenous co-amoxiclav and metronidazole. Prophylactic enoxaparin 40 mg was given daily. Despite treatment, his inflammatory markers continued to climb, with CRP peaking at 363.9 mg/L. In addition, his hematuria became macroscopic and his renal function declined to a creatinine level of 2.85 mg/dL (252 μmol/L), equating to an estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of 22 mL/min/1.73m². Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA), double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) and anti-glomerular basement membrane antibody (anti-GBM) were negative. Immunoglobulins were normal and Bence Jones protein was not present in the urine. Nuclear medicine renography confirmed a significant kidney injury, showing a GFR of 21.72 mL/minute. It also demonstrated areas of poor uptake in the right kidney. Computed tomography angiography confirmed large bilateral renal infarcts with occluding thrombus visible in the left renal artery (Figure 2). Computed tomography and echocardiography excluded left ventricular and aortic thrombi. The patient was commenced on life-long warfarin therapy.

Figure 1 Computed tomography showing left perinephric stranding (arrows).

Figure 2 Computed tomography showing bilateral renal infarcts (arrows) and left renal artery occlusion (broken arrow).

Six months later, his creatinine had stabilized to 1.98 mg/dL (175 μmol/L), equating to an estimated GFR of 36 mL/min/1.73m². Blood pressure control required treatment with a combination of three agents. Urinary protein:creatinine ratio measured 698 mg/g and microscopic hematuria persisted.

Discussion

Antithrombin III deficiency leading to arterial thrombosis is rare. A study of inherited thrombophilia including 34 families with antithrombin deficiency and 3,372 patient years of follow-up revealed only four cases of first-episode arterial thrombosis, specifically two cerebrovascular events and two myocardial infarctions.⁶ This represents an arterial thrombosis incidence of 0.09% per year. The presence of other vascular risk factors in these probands was not discussed in the study, however, and, if taken into account, the actual rate of arterial thrombosis attributable to the congenital coagulopathy may be even lower.

Nonrenal arterial thrombosis in association with antithrombin III deficiency is described in only a handful of case reports. Two cases of aortic thrombosis were published in 1981.⁷ Cerebral infarction is documented in a 21-year-old male⁸ and in two sisters aged 27 and 40 years.⁹ Recurrent transient ischemic attacks from the age of 28 years have been recorded in a fourth patient.¹⁰ Hepatic infarction has also been described.¹¹ Recurrent femoral artery thrombosis has been recorded in a teenager with antithrombin III deficiency but, in this case, the clinical picture was complicated by the presence of a bicuspid aortic valve causing left ventricular stasis and cardiac thrombosis.¹² It could therefore be argued that the cardiac abnormality and resultant hemostasis mimicked venous thrombosis, with subsequent embolism rather than a primary arterial event.

Published literature reveals the rarity of renal artery disease in association with antithrombin III deficiency. Only two previous cases of renal artery occlusion and infarction are described; however, both occurred as embolic events from aortic thrombus rather than the primary renal artery occlusion described here.^13,14 A third case from 1970 predates antithrombin III quantification, which can therefore only be hypothesized with the observation of numerous visceral infarcts, including renal infarction, found at autopsy.¹⁵ Although this patient’s mother and four siblings were later found to be deficient in antithrombin III, the patient described was a smoker with known albuminuria and, in addition to renal infarction, extensive atheroma was evident in the aorta and coronary and pulmonary vasculature.

In addition to antithrombin III deficiency, our patient was also heterozygous for a prothrombin gene variant resulting from a guanine-to-adenine transition at position 20210. Published literature links only two cases of renal infarction to the prothrombin 20210A gene. The first is a paradoxical embolus in association with a patent foramen ovale and, therefore, renal artery thrombosis did not occur as a primary event.¹⁶ A second case report by Fraile et al describes renal infarction in a patient with a combined thrombophilic hereditary defect including prothrombin G20210A, this time in conjunction with a mutation in methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase.¹⁷ In this case, however, the patient had preexisting vascular risk factors, including hypertension, dyslipidemia, and a smoking history, as well as significant vascular comorbidity, including cerebral and cardiac disease.

The present case describes acute renal infarction in association with two different heritable coagulopathies and a perioperative hypotensive event. This represents a very rare cause of acute kidney injury. Published literature to date describes renal infarction in the context of hereditary thrombophilia as either a secondary embolic phenomenon or occurring in the context of vasculopathy.^13–17 Primary renal artery thrombosis in the absence of underlying vascular disease has not previously been described.

The possibility of a synergistic relationship between the two different hereditary thrombophilic states in this case remains theoretical. The low number of patients with a double coagulation defect, in conjunction with the rarity of an arterial thrombotic event, means that conclusions cannot be made about the absolute level of thrombotic risk in combined hereditary thrombophilia. Rather, this case demonstrates the complexity of thrombophilia with both inherited and acquired risk factors interacting to produce a thrombotic phenotype. In the clinical setting of thrombophilia imparting a significant thrombotic risk, the authors recommend that a therapeutic, rather than prophylactic, dose of anticoagulant be considered to prevent significant morbidity.

Disclosure

The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.

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