A One-Year Follow-Up of Two Ahmed Glaucoma Valve Models (S2 and FP7) for Refractory Glaucoma: A Prospective Randomized Trial

Introduction

Glaucoma drainage devices have become a more favored option than the combination of trabeculectomy and anti-metabolites for the controlling intraocular pressure (IOP).¹ Initially, these devices drain aqueous humor from the anterior chamber to the posterior plate; the aqueous humor then crosses the pseudocyst formed around this plate and is subsequently absorbed by venous capillaries, or the lymphatic system.^2–5 The Ahmed valve (New World Medical, Inc., Rancho Cucamonga, CA) creates a flow-restriction, and is specifically manufactured for patients with refractory glaucoma; these cases are associated with a high risk of failure when trabeculectomy is carried out, along with a high risk of persistent high intraocular pressure.^6–10 The size of the Ahmed valve plate placed close to the equator is 184 mm.²¹¹

The Ahmed glaucoma valve (AGV), a unidirectional valve, has been shown to be beneficial for the prevention of hypotony and choroidal haemorrhage in the first few weeks after surgery.^12,13 However, the AGV is known to fail on occasion, primarily due to the formation of blebs around the plate as a direct result of scar formation. Following valve surgery, a large number of patients require glaucoma medications in order to control intraocular pressure (IOP) within normal the normal range.^6,9,14

Furthermore, the intraoperative application of mitomycin-c during the implantation of an AGV does not prevent, or inhibit, the formation of scar tissue around the plate.¹⁵ Previous data also indicate that the surgical implantation of an AGV creates a resistance to aqueous flow, thus reducing the chances of long-term success.¹⁶ The current consensus of opinion is that bleb-related inflammation and scarring observed after the implantation of an AGV could be related to the biomaterial that is used to construct the Ahmed valve plate. Research has shown that AGVs will induce less inflammation if they are manufactured with silicone plates, rather than polypropylene plates.^17,18

At present, there are two models of AGV on the market: one with a polypropylene plate (the S2 AGV), and one with a silicone plate (the FP7 AGV). The silicone-based FP7 AGV has the same dimensions, and surface area, as the polypropylene-based S2 AGV, but with a greater degree of flexibility. However, a previous study directly compared these two types of AGV over a one-year follow-up period and reported that the silicone-based AGV (the FP7) was associated with a greater extent of hypotony.¹⁹

The objectives of the present study were to investigate the clinical effects associated with the silicone-based AGV and polypropylene-based AGV with regards to the surrounding capsule, and the post-surgical control of IOP.

Methods and Subjects

This was a prospective and randomized study. The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of Ain Shams University (Registration numbers: FWA 000017585 and FMASU R19/2017) and was also registered as and approved at ClinicalTrials.gov (ID: NCT04214847). The study was carried out in accordance with the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki, and all participants provided written informed consent to participate.

Patients were included if they had been diagnosed with primary glaucoma and had experienced repeated trabeculectomy failure, or other intraocular surgery. We also included patients diagnosed with secondary glaucoma and associated with high failure trabeculectomy failure rates, such as those with neovascular problems, uveitis, post-keratoplasty glaucoma, or iridocorneal endothelial syndrome-associated glaucoma.

Patients were excluded from the study if they lacked light perception, were unwilling or unable to provide informed consent, if they lived outside of the study area, if they were not available for follow-up visits, or if they had been implanted with an aqueous shunt in the same eye on a prior occasion. Patients were also excluded if there were any other external factors that might restrict superotemporal drainage following device implantation, including the presence of silicone oil, the presence of a sufficient volume of vitreous humor in the anterior chamber, thus necessitating vitrectomy; uveitis associated with a systemic condition, such as juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, nanophthalmos, Sturge-Weber syndrome, or other conditions associated with elevated epi-scleral venous pressure.

Randomization and Treatment

In this study, our intention was to identify differences in a range of outcome variables following the implantation of S2 and FP7 AGVs, while minimizing other confounding factors, such as surgical experience. To do this, we screened all participants, recruited those who met our specific inclusion criteria, and obtained written and informed consent to participate. Each of the recruited patients was assigned a study number and randomized in accordance with a simple block randomization scheme. Patients were thus randomly assigned to either the S2 group or the FP7 group.

Surgical Procedure

The same surgical procedure was used to implant both the S2 and FP7 AGVs; this procedure has been described previously.^9,14 All surgical procedures were performed by a single surgeon and were performed under local anaesthesia in all adults; we only used general anaesthesia for children. First, we prepared a fornix-based conjunctival flap, primed the valve plate, and then fitted the plate into the superotemporal quadrant. Prior to implantation, we soaked sponges with 0.3 mg/mL of mitomycin-c and applied the sponge to the bare sclera of the superotemporal quadrant for 3 mins. The valve plate was secured to the sclera by 10–0 nylon sutures, placed 10 mm posterior to the limbus. The tube was placed in the anterior chamber through a tract at the limbus, created by a 23-gauge needle. The tube was left patent, and a viscoelastic substance was injected into the anterior chamber. A donor scleral graft was then secured by interrupted 10–0 nylon sutures over the exposed portion of the tube; the conjunctiva was then sutured with 10–0 nylon sutures.

Postoperative Medication and Follow-Up

The postoperative regimen included the application of a topical antibiotic for 3 to 4 weeks, and topical steroids for approximately 2 months. Antiglaucoma medication was also administered to help maintain the IOP at reduced levels. Sutures were removed 10 days after surgery.

Patients Visits

Patients were followed-up at 1 month, 3 months, 6 months, 9 months, and 12 months post-surgery. At each follow-up visit, we analyzed a range of variables, including IOP, the number of glaucoma medications taken, log MAR visual acuity, and the incidence of complications.

The primary outcome measure was a surgical success (absolute success), defined as an IOP ≤ 16 mm Hg (without medication), and guarded success (a controlled IOP ≤ 16 mmHg, but with medication). The procedure was deemed to have failed if the IOP lay outside of the successful range on two consecutive visits (>16 mmHg, despite the use of medication). The procedure was also deemed to have failed if the IOP was <5 mmHg, if the patient lost light perception, or if the patient required a second round of surgery (a cyclo-destructive procedure, the implantation of an additional tube shunt, or the implant needed to be removed). A range of secondary outcomes were also determined, including the number of medications, bleb morphology, hypotony, and choroidal detachment following valve implantation. Snellen VA measurements were converted to log MAR equivalents for data analysis.

Statistical Analysis

We compared a range of demographic and perioperative data between the FP7 and S2 groups. Continuous and quantitative variables were compared between the two groups by the independent t-test or the Mann–Whitney test, as appropriate. Discrete and qualitative variables were analyzed using Pearson’s chi-squared test or Fisher’s Exact Test.

Comparisons between the two groups with regard to preoperative IOP and the number of medications administered were compared by linear regression, and general linear model (GLM) multivariate analysis. Sub-group analyses also compared the S2 and FP7 participants with regards to neovascular and prior trabeculectomy status; these sub-group analyses also involved GLM multivariate analysis. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was used alongside the Log-rank test; mean and median survival times were reported with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Cox regression analysis was also used to investigate and compare predictors between patients in the S2 and FP7 groups.

We also used a power calculation to predict the sample size required to detect a difference of 4–5 mmHg in mean IOP across the 12 months post-surgery, assuming a standard deviation (SD) of 6 mmHg between the two groups; a previous study reported that IOP was 4-5-mmHg lower with a silicone-based valve than a polypropylene-based card.^20,26 The power of our study to detect a 20% difference between the two groups was determined to be 0.8. A P value <0.05 was considered to be statistically significant.

Results

Patients were recruited and randomly assigned to S2 and FP7 groups. Randomization assigned 28 patients (27 adults, and an 8-year-old child) to the S2 group, and 28 patients (27 adults, and a 7-year-old child) to the FP7 group. A total of 56 patients were, therefore, enrolled in the study between 2012 and 2014. The median age was 51.00 years, and the interquartile range was 8.75 years. In the S2 group, the median age was 53.00 and the interquartile range was 7.00 years. In the FP7 group, the median age was 49.00 and the interquartile range was 8.75 years.

When considering adults only (54 participants), the median age of the entire study cohort was 51.50 years, and the interquartile range was 8.00 years. In the S2 group, the median age was 53.00 years, and the interquartile range was 7.00; in the FP7 group, the median age was 51.00 years, and the interquartile range was 9.00 years. In the S2 group, 13 patients were female and 15 were male; this compared to 10 females and 18 males in the FP7 group. The mean follow-up period was 398.42 ± 12.34 days (range, 380–420 days) in theS2 group, and 401.75 ± 9.78 days (range, 385–420 days) in the FP7 group; there was no significant difference between the two groups with this respect (P=0.27).

Baseline demographic and ocular characteristics were similar when compared between the S2 and FP7 groups (Table 1). There were no significant differences in terms of glaucoma diagnoses when compared between the two groups; of the entire cohort, 39% of patients received a diagnosis of neovascular glaucoma, 57% with glaucoma associated with a previous trabeculectomy procedure, and 4% with post-keratoplasty glaucoma. Previous surgeries included trabeculectomy with mitomycin-c, repeat trabeculectomies, cataract surgeries, and penetrating keratoplasty (PKP); overall, 78% of patients experienced phaco surgery, 57% experienced trabeculectomies with mitomycin-c, and 4% experienced penetrating keratoplasty. In addition, 32% of patients experienced pan-retinal photocoagulation and repeated ranibizumab injection prior to surgery; 4% of patients experienced diode laser cyclo-ablation prior to surgery (Table 1).

Table 1 Demographic Data of the 56 Participants, and Adult Groups, Assigned to the S2 and FP7 Groups

Figures 1 and 2 show the mean IOPs over a one-year follow-up period for the 56 participants and the adult groups. The mean preoperative IOPs did not differ significantly when compared between the S2 and FP7 groups (P = 0.45 and P = 0.41, respectively). For both groups, the post-operative mean IOPs, at 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months, were significantly lower than the baseline IOP (P = 0.000 and P = 0.000, respectively). When considering the 56 participants and adult groups, there was a significant difference between the S2 and FP7 groups in terms of mean IOP at 1 month (P = 0.005 and P = 0.004) and 6 months (P = 0.005 and P = 0.004) post-surgery, but no significant difference at any other follow-up timepoints. In the two pediatric patients, preoperative IOP decreased significantly in both the S2 and FP7 groups over the one-year follow-up period, falling from 48 and 51 mmHg to 13 and 12 mmHg, respectively.

Figure 1 Mean (± SD) IOP for the 56 participants in the S2 and FP7 groups. P = 0.005 and P = 0.044 at 1- and 6-month post-surgery, respectively. The mean preoperative IOP fell from 45.42 ± 6.93 mmHg and 44.17 ± 5.98 mmHg before surgery to 16.14 ± 3.18 mmHg and 15.18 ±2.75 mmHg at the one-year follow-up, in the S2 and FP7 groups, respectively (P = 0.23).

Figure 2 Mean (± SD) IOP in the adults assigned to the S2 and FP7 groups. P = 0.004 and 0.024 at 1- and 6-month post-surgery. The mean preoperative IOP fell from 45.33 ± 6.49 mmHg and 43.92 ± 5.94 mmHg before surgery to 16.25 ± 3.18 mmHg and 15.29 ±2.72 mmHg at the one-year follow-up, in the S2 and FP7 groups, respectively (P = 0.24).

Figures 3 and 4 show the mean number of glaucoma medications required by 56 participants, and the adult groups, at the one-year follow-up timepoint. Patients in the S2 group began to use glaucoma medication 30 days post-surgery, while patients in the FP7 group began to use glaucoma medication 90 days post-surgery. There were no significant differences between the two groups at any of the follow-up timepoints with regard to the mean number of anti-glaucoma medications required, except for the first month (P = 0.000, P = 0.000), and the ninth month (P = 0.005, 56 participants; Table 2).

Table 2 Intraocular Pressure and Medical Therapy at Baseline and One-Year Follow-Up in 56 Participants, and the Adult Groups

Figure 3 Mean number (± SD) of glaucoma medications administered in the 56 participants in the S2 and Fp7 groups. P = 0.000 and p = 0.005 at 1- and 9-month post-surgery. The mean number of medications administered fell from 3.92 ± 0.26 and 3.89± 0.31 before surgery to 2.92 ± 1.27 and 2.75±1.43 at the one-year follow-up, in the S2 and FP7 groups, respectively (P = 0.316).

Figure 4 Mean number (± SD) of glaucoma medications administered in the adult cohort of the S2 and Fp7 groups. P = 0.000 at 1 month after surgery. The mean number of medications administered fell from 3.92 ± 0.26 and 3.89± 0.31 before surgery to 2.96 ± 1.26 and 2.7±1.41, at the one-year follow-up, in the S2 and FP7 groups, respectively (P = 0.256).

Glaucoma medication was administered to the S2 and FP7 groups in order to control the mean IOP. At the final follow-up, there was only a small difference between the S2 and FP7 groups with regard to glaucoma medication. However, there was a significant difference between preoperative medication and postoperative medication at the one-year follow-up (P = 0.000).

The final follow-up data for the 56 participants, and the adult groups, are shown in Table 2. At the final follow-up, the mean IOPs were 16.14 mmHg and 16.25 mmHg in the S2 group, and 15.18 mmHg and 15.29 mmHg in the FP7 group (P = 0.23, P = 0.24), while the mean number of medications was 2.92 and 2.96 in the S2 group, and 2.75 and 2.70 in the FP7 group (P = 0.32, P = 0.26).

At the final follow-up visit, the VA was stable in most patients (for both groups), although we observed a worsening VA in 3 patients (10.7%) of the FP7 group, and in 5 patients (17.8%) of the S2 group. None of the patients lost their perception to light.

Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that the rates of surgical success at 12 months were 89% and 82% for the FP7 group and the S2 group, respectively (P = 0.41; Figure 5). Mean survival times for the FP7and S2 groups were 402.54 days (95% CI, 396.70–408.37 days) and 394.76 days (95% CI, 381.23–408.28 days), respectively. Absolute success at one-year follow-up was achieved in 5/28 patients (17.8%) in the FP7 group, and 3/28 patients (10.7%) in the S2 group (P = 0.38). Guarded success at one-year follow-up was achieved in 18/28 patients (64.28%) in the FP7 group, and 19/28 patients (67.85%) in the S2 group (P = 0.25). Treatment was deemed to have failed in 5/28 patients (17.8%) in the FP7 group, and 6/28 patients (21.42%) in the S2 group (P = 0.07), when evaluated at one-year follow-up. There were no significant differences between the FP7 group and the S2 group with regards to complete surgical success, qualified surgical success, and surgical failure.

Figure 5 Survival curves for the S2 (blue line) and FP7 (green line) groups. Success rates were 89% and 82% at 12 months for the FP7 group and the S2 group, respectively. The S2 curve began to fail at approximately 270 days. Mean survival times for the S2 group and FP7 group were 394.76 days (95% CI, 381.23–408.28) and 402.54 days (95% CI, 396.70–408.37), respectively. The differences between the S2 and FP7 curves for the 2 groups were not statistically significant (0.414).

Multivariate sub-group analysis revealed that patients in the S2 group who had experienced previous trabeculectomy had a significantly lower IOP when compared with the sub-group who had experienced neovascular glaucoma (P = 0.03). In the FP7 group, there was no significant difference in mean IOP when compared between the neovascular group of patients, and the group of patients who had experienced previous trabeculectomy subgroups (P = 0.57). Consequently, neovascular glaucoma should be considered as a risk factor for failure in the S2 group of patients. There were no statistical differences identified with regards to previous trabeculectomy status, neovascular glaucoma, or implant type (P = 0.91, P = 0.12).

Visual Acuity

Prior to surgery, the corrected visual acuity of the entire study cohort varied between 2/60 and 6/24 in the S2 and FP7 groups (Table 1). In the S2 group, two cases showed a 5-letter improvement (7.1%), five cases showed a 5-letter deterioration (17.8%), and 21 cases retained stable visual acuity (75%). In the FP7 group, three cases showed a 5-letter improvement (10.7%), three cases showed a 5-letter deterioration (10.7%), and 22 cases (78.5%) retained stable visual acuity. There were no significant differences in terms of visual acuity when compared between baseline and one-year follow-up in the S2 and FP7 groups (P = 0.65, P = 0.69; Figure 6).

Figure 6 Comparison of log MAR visual acuity before and after surgery involving stable log MAR (21 versus 22 participants), improved log MAR (2 versus 3 participants), and deteriorated log MAR (5 versus 3 participants), in the S2 and FP7 groups at the one-year follow-up (P = 0.653 and P = 0.691).

Visual Fields

Twenty eyes (35.5%) had a reliable visual field when evaluated both before and after surgery. For comparison, 12 cases had a concentric contraction of the visual field with a nasal step, four cases had a tubular field, and another four cases had a tubular field with the splitting of the fixation area. Twelve cases had localized defects, with a high mean deviation (MD; range: −10 dB−16 dB), and a high pattern standard deviation (PSD; range: 4–8 dB). Eight cases had marked generalized depression, with a high MD (range: −14–26 dB) and a low PSD (range: 3−5 dB). Statistical analysis detected no real progression in 12 cases (P = 0.95) Four cases in the S2 group, and four cases in the FP7 group, had localized defects, and an increase in density, with PSD values ranging from 4.2 dB to 8.1 dB. There were no significant differences in terms of PSD when compared before surgery and at a one-year follow-up (P = 0.65 – P = 0.69); this was the case for both the S2 and the FP7 group.

Surgical Complications

A range of post-operative complications were observed. For example, early reversible choroidal detachment was recorded in 12 cases in 42.8% of the FP7 group. Early, and transient hypotony, defined as an IOP < 5 mmHg, was detected in 5 eyes (17.8% of the FP7 group). Mild to moderate hyphemia was seen in 8 eyes (5 eyes in the FP7 group, 17.8%; 3 eyes in the S2 group, 10.7%). Six eyes had tube exposure (4 eyes in the FP7 group, 14.2%; 2 eyes in the S2 group, 7.1%). Late corneal oedema developed after surgery in two eyes (both in the S2 group, 7.1%). Dellen formation was detected in a single case from the FP7 group; this patient received a corneal graft. In the S2 group, the conjunctival bleb above the plate was flattened, greyish white; the plate border could be delineated in eight eyes (28.5%). In the FP7 group, the conjunctival bleb above the plate was flattened, greyish white, and was detected in two eyes (7.1%).

Finally, we used a Cox proportional hazard regression models to identify statistical associations between various variables and clinical outcome measures (Table 3). Our analysis showed that postoperative hypotony, postoperative choroidal detachment, hyphemia, tube exposure, and bleb morphology did not show a positive association with clinical outcome.

Table 3 Outcomes and Post-Operative Complications in the S2 and FP7 Groups

Discussion

In the present study, we found that IOP decreased significantly from 45.42 ± 6.39 mmHg and 44.17 ± 5.98 mmHg in the S2 and FP7 groups at baseline to 16.14 ± 3.18 mmHg and 15.18± 2.75 mmHg at the one-year follow-up visit (P = 0.000). The previous Tube Versus Trabeculectomy Study (TVT), published in 2004, reported that a tube group showed a significant reduction in IOP from 25.1 ± 5.3 mmHg at baseline, to 12.4 ± 3.9 mmHg at the one-year follow-up visit (P = 0.000); in a trabeculectomy group, IOP fell significantly from 25.6 ± 5.3 mmHg at baseline, to 12.7 ± 5.8 mmHg at the one-year follow-up visit (P = 0.000).²¹

In the present study, we found no clinical differences when considering mean IOP, success rate, and the rate of complications, when comparing groups of patients implanted with S2 and FP7 AGVs. Both of these AGVs have similar dimensions but are manufactured using differing materials. Multivariate analysis of the S2 and FP7 groups showed that there were no significant differences in terms of clinical outcomes at the one-year follow-up visit.

Our results also showed that IOP elevation, and the administration of glaucoma medication, occurred earlier in the S2 group than in the FP7 group. This was related to the fact that the FP7 plate presents a smooth surface to the conjunctiva; this is unlike the S2 plate that presents a rough surface to the conjunctiva. The rough polypropylene material may add to the pro-inflammatory response and thus increase the micromotion of platelets.^22,23 The silicone material contained within the FP7 implants is not sufficiently inert to prevent the formation of cysts;¹³ thus, the administration of glaucoma medication began 3 months after surgery in the FP7 group. These results cannot support the concept that the use of different construction materials can provide a solution for progressive capsular scarring and bleb failure.¹⁶ When constructed with different materials, AGVs exhibit differing degrees of post-operative inflammation and pseudo-capsule formation; ultimately, this may result in scarring around the plate and bleb failure.^17,18,24,25 The late elevation of IOP, particularly in cases where the intraocular portion of the tube appears to be patent, is usually reflected by an excessively thick fibrous capsule.²⁶ Our present data demonstrate a high incidence of significant bleb scarring within the first year of AGV implantation, along with encapsulation of the valve (bleb failure). However, despite this, previous studies have found that patients treated with silicone valves had significantly lower failure rates, along with higher rates of hypotony, endophthalmitis, wound leak, and supra-choroidal hemorrhage.²⁷ The size of the drainage plate is another important factor to consider; for the S2 and FP7 models, the size of this plate is 184 mm². Several studies have shown that the mean IOP can be lowered when an implant of the same design is used but with a larger plate size.²⁸

Hypotony and choroidal detachment occurred in 17.8% and 42.8% of the participants in the FP7 group. These figures were comparable with those reported by previous studies; these early changes were transient and did not influence the overall clinical outcome.^7,15

Transient hypotony occurred in the FP7 group because the valve has a smooth surface area and because encapsulation takes a longer time to occur. Despite this, the flow restriction created by the valve, along with its small size, will prevent progressive hypotony. It is because of these factors that the AGV is considered to be safer than the Baerveldt valve.

The results of this study do not allow us to fully understand the hypertensive phase. Our data indicated the existence of a hypertensive phase when the IOP was higher than 21 mmHg during the first 3 months after surgery, but then declined thereafter. However, IOP varied widely across different participants, and within each of the groups; this phenomenon has also been reported commonly in the literature.^11,22,29-33 We did, however, detect a significant difference in bleb morphology when compared between the two groups. This may have been related to the high incidence of Tenon’s cyst formation in the group of patients treated with the polypropylene-based AGV.

Several authors have proposed that the adjunctive use of anti-metabolites with glaucoma implants may be beneficial.³⁴ In the present study, we used mitomycin-c in both the S2 and FP7 groups during surgery. However, the adjunctive use of mitomycin-c after surgery remains controversial. Further studies are now required to fully determine whether the adjunctive use of mitomycin-c is beneficial, and to demonstrate how this treatment might be utilized best during AGV implantation.³⁵

We believe that the aspiration of fluid from a bleb, or surgical revision in combination with anti-metabolites, could improve the functionality of an encapsulated drainage implant. We refused to carry out repeat needling with 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) to break fibrous tissue and prevent early-forming fibrinous proliferations.

AGV surgery is a major surgical procedure; consequently, patients experience psychological trauma if they are subject to repetitive interventions. We chose to use glaucoma medication in order to avoid the fluctuations in IOP fluctuation that occur with needling and 5-FU injections. Valve encapsulation is the same as an encysted bleb, and the aqueous humor that continually bathes the capsule may be loaded with vaso-proliferative factors, that could prevent the development of thin capsules.³⁶

We found that neovascular glaucoma was a clear risk factor for valve failure in the S2 group, as reported previously in the literature.³⁷ Prior trabeculectomy status was not a risk factor for either of the two forms of the valve. We also tested a range of other potential risk factors for failure, including younger age, and African descent; none of these variables could be counted as a risk factor. Previous studies, investigating other risk factors, such as poor conjunctival health, and long-standing antiglaucoma medication, also failed to demonstrate a statistical association between these factors and the risk of valve failure.³⁸ Our analyses detected late corneal oedema in two cases from the S2 group; these corneal oedemas were not related to tube-corneal touch. Rather, this condition was related to persistently high and uncontrolled IOP.³⁹

The participants of this study all suffered from advanced glaucoma, and other pathologies, including vein occlusion, vitreous haemorrhage, macular oedema, and corneal graft surgery. Consequently, our emphasis was to control IOP and vision stability in the S2 and FP7 groups, rather than focussing on disc examination and visual field function.

Performing a follow-up study with disc mapping, and by plotting the visual field, could be difficult and unwise. In the present study, the exposure of implants resulted in focal erosion of the tube through the overlying tissues (the donor sclera and the conjunctiva).

Study Limitations

The results arising from our present study, involving two types of AGV, to not provide us with an overall conclusion because of the fact that our patients had a range of different pathologies that were treated in a non-randomized manner, such as neovascular glaucoma, aphakic glaucoma, and advanced developmental glaucoma. The IOP is a valuable clinical value for monitoring the development of glaucoma and is a quantifiable variable. However, despite this, the main goal of glaucoma therapy is to preserve visual function. Unfortunately, the poor baseline visual acuity of our current cohort of students made the analysis of visual fields very difficult; the follow-up period was also very limited.

Conclusion

We found that both the S2 and FP7 AGVs were effective in lowering IOP and reducing the need for glaucoma medications. We found no clinical difference between these two AGVs with regard to mean IOP, success rate, or the prevalence of complications, when evaluated at one-year follow-up. These two types of AGV had a similar size but were constructed with different materials. Furthermore, we found that Bleb encapsulation was responsible for failure rate and the need for glaucoma medication in both the S2 and FP7 groups. Ahmed valves are associated with a high risk of failure when considered as a first-line therapy for cases experiencing trabeculectomy.